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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 4 9/20/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 9/20/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

effect of the drug on the body, including mechanisms of action and efficacy

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2
Q

What is pharmokinetics?

A

fate of the drug in the body

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3
Q

What is the post-antibiotic effect?

A

the suppression of bacterial growth that persists after treatment

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4
Q

How do time-dependent vs concentration-dependent antibiotics differ?

A

-time-dependent antibiotics have a short post-antibiotic effect and must by given more frequently regardless of dose
-concentration-dependent antibiotics have a longer post-antibiotic effect, and higher concentrations can be effective for longer periods of time

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5
Q

Which antibiotics are classified as beta lactams?

A

-penicillin
-ampicillin
-cephalosporins
-sublactams
-carbapenems
-monobactams

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for beta lactams?

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

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7
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for beta lactams?

A

different spectrum for each antibiotic

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8
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for beta lactams?

A

bactericidal

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9
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of beta lactams?

A

-penicillin allergy/anaphylaxis
-time-dependent killing

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10
Q

What antibiotics are classified as tetracyclines?

A

-oxytetracycline
-doxycycline
-minocycline

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

A

inhibition of protein synthesis

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of tetracyclines?

A

broad spectrum

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13
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for tetracyclines?

A

bacteriostatic

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14
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A

-irritant
-cardiovascular effects
-tooth discolaration
-intestinal flora alteration
-nephrotoxicity

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15
Q

What other critical information exists for tetracyclines?

A

-time dependent
-chelating agents
-cross placental barrier
-secreted in milk
-anti-inflammatory
-neuro-protective
-immunomodulant

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16
Q

What antibiotics are classified as aminoglycosides?

A

-gentamicin
-amikacin
-tobramycin

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

A

inhibition of protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides?

A

broad spectrum

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19
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for aminoglycosides?

A

bactericidal

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20
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of aminoglycosides?

A

-nephrotoxicity
-ototoxicity
-cranial nerve VII toxicity
-vestibular/cochlear damage

21
Q

What other critical information exists for aminoglycosides?

A

-concentration dependent
-oxygen dependent
-prolonged post-antibiotic effect
-needs parenteral admin.
-does not penetrate blood brain barrier
-synergism w/ beta lactams, but physically incompatible

22
Q

What antibiotics are classified as fluoroquinolones?

A

-enrofloxacin
-ciprofloxacin

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

A

inhibition of DNA gyrase

24
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for fluoroquinolones?

A

broad spectrum

25
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for fluoroquinolones?

A

bactericidal

26
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

-arthropathy
-ocular toxicity

27
Q

What other critical information exists for fluoroquinolones?

A

-synthetic
-concentration dependent
-high intracellular conc. in phagocytes
-prolonged post-antibiotic effect
-rapid resistance development

28
Q

What antibiotics are classified as macrolides?

A

-erythromycin
-azithromycin
-clarithromycin

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?

A

inhibition of protein synthesis

30
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for macrolides?

A

broad spectrum

31
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for macrolides?

A

bacteriostatic

32
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of macrolides?

A

GI effects

33
Q

What other critical information exists for macrolides?

A

-intracellular accumulation in phagocytes
-effective against intracellular bact.
-immunomodulary effect

34
Q

What antibiotics are classified as sulfa drugs?

A

-sulphonamide
-sulfamethoxazole
-sulfadiazine

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulfa drugs?

A

inhibition of folic acid synthesis, preventing the nucleic acid synthesis pathway

36
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for sulfa drugs?

A

broad spectrum

37
Q

What is the type of antibacterial activity for sulfa drugs?

A

bacteriostatic

38
Q

What are the potential adverse effects of sulfa drugs?

A

-allergic reactions
-keratoconjunctivitis

39
Q

What other critical information exists for sulfa drugs?

A

synergistic with diaminopyrimidines

40
Q

What are the reasons for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

A

-confirm presence of bact. infection
-identify responsible pathogen
-choose most effective antibiotic
-improve recovery chances/speed
-lower complications
-reduce resistance
-reduce expenses

41
Q

What are important points to consider regarding resistance?

A

-bact. may be intrinsically resistant
-knowledge of resistance can help avoid inappropriate/ineffective therapies

42
Q

What is the antimicrobial susceptibility test?

A

test to determine whether bacteria are susceptible to a particular antimicrobial agent

43
Q

What are the two types of AST?

A

-broth/agar dilution
-disk diffusion

44
Q

How are bacteria determined to be susceptible via the disk diffusion test?

A

greater zone of inhibition diameter indicates greater susceptibility

45
Q

How are bacteria determined to be susceptible via the broth dilution test?

A

the lower the minimum inhibitory concentration, the greater the susceptibility

46
Q

What is the minimum inhibitory conc.?

A

the minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bact. growth

47
Q

What is the E-Test-Gradient diffusion test?

A

test that uses both diffusion and dilution to measure an exact MIC

48
Q

Why can it be beneficial to use antimicrobial combinations?

A

-obtain antimicrobial synergism
-treat polymicrobial infections
-decrease resistance
-reduce drug toxicity

49
Q

What is four-quadrant therapy?

A

-method for treating microbial infection when pathogen is unknown and consequences of treatment failure are severe
-includes antibiotics to treat gram + aerobes, gram + anaerobes, gram - aerobes, and gram - anaerobes
-effective against all likely bacteria
-NOT just using a broad spectrum

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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