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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 17 11/7/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 11/7/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of spirochetes?

A

-slender and helically coiled
-move with corkscrew/flexing motion
-can move in highly viscous environments
-have endoflagella
-gram neg.
-stain poorly
-seen with dark field micro./silver stain

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2
Q

What are the pathogenic genuses of spirochetes?

A

-Leptospira
-Borrelia
-Brachyspira
-Treponema

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Leptospira sp.?

A

-pathogenic
-maintained in renal tubules of reservoirs
-survive in environment
-excreted in urine
-spread through direct contact with urine or contaminated environment

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4
Q

What are the pathogenic species of importance for Leptospira?

A

L. interrogans
-L. borgpetersenii
-L. kirschneri

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5
Q

What type of disease is seen in Leptospira maintenance hosts/reservoirs?

A

-infection in privileged sites
-long term shedding

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6
Q

What type of disease is seen in Leptospira incidental hosts?

A

-recovery with short term shedding
-potential for severe disease

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7
Q

Why is Leptospira infection considered biphasic?

A

-first phase sees major increase of bacteria in blood before dying down
-second phase sees major increase of bacteria in urine

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of Leptospira infection?

A

-broad clinical manifestations that can be mild to severe
-signs of hepatic and renal failure

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9
Q

How can Leptospira sp. be diagnosed?

A

–microscopic agglutination test:
-serovar with highest titer typically indicated as infecting serovar
-paired titers with 4-fold increase OR single titer > 800
–quick serology tests
–direct fluorescent antibody test
-PCR

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10
Q

Which samples are used for different Lepto. tests?

A

PCR: blood
PCR: urine
MAT: serum

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11
Q

How can Leptospira be treated?

A

-supportive care
-antimicrobials; penicillins for severe disease, doxycycline for carriers/post-exposure

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12
Q

How can Leptospira be prevented?

A

-vaccination
-minimizing exposure to contaminated surface waters

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13
Q

Which Leptospira sp. is host adapted in cattle?

A

L. borgpetersennii serovar hardjo

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14
Q

What does Leptospira cause in cattle?

A

reproductive failure due to embryonic death

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15
Q

How is Leptospira diagnosed in cattle?

A

testing the urine after administration of a diuretic

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16
Q

How can Leptospira be treated and prevented in cattle?

A

-vaccines
-long acting tetracycline and sustained-release ceftiofur

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17
Q

Which Leptospira serovars are seen in horses?

A

-Pomona
-Bratislava
-Grippotyphosa

18
Q

What can Leptospira cause in horses?

A

-abortions
-systemic illness in foals
-equine recurrent uveitis

19
Q

How is Leptospira prevented in horses?

A

vaccination

20
Q

Which animals act as reservoirs for Lepto?

A

rodents

21
Q

Which Lepto. serovars infect pigs and cause repro. failure?

A

-Pomona
-Bratislava

22
Q

Which Lepto. serovar infects California sea lions?

A

Pomona

23
Q

What are the characteristics of Leptospira as a zoonosis?

A

-widespread
-underdiagnosed
-febrile illness with renal, hepatic, and pulmonary disease

24
Q

What type of general disease is caused by the genus Borrelia?

A

arthropod/tick-borne disease

25
Q

What does B. burgdorferi cause?

A

lyme disease

26
Q

What does B. anserina cause?

A

avian septicemic borreliosis

27
Q

What does B. recurrentis cause?

A

human relapsing fever Borrelia

28
Q

What are the characteristics of B. burgdorferi lifecycle?

A

-transstadial transmission during the 2 year lifespans of Ixodes tick
-ticks can only become infected when feeding on host with high level of bacteremia

29
Q

What are the characteristics of lyme disease in the US?

A

-most common vector borne illness
-under-reported
-overdiagnosed

30
Q

What are the characteristics of B. burgdorferi virulence and pathogenesis?

A

-can hide out as L-forms
-can undergo antigenic switching
-cause a skin rash as a first sign in humans

31
Q

What are the characteristics of canine lyme disease?

A

-antibody titer is not indicative of illness severity
-signs include fever, arthritis, arthralgia, and lameness

32
Q

How can Lyme disease be diagnosed?

A

-direct detection
-culture and isolation
-PCR
-ELISA
-paired titers

33
Q

How is lyme disease treated?

A

doxycycline and minocycline

34
Q

How can lyme disease be controlled?

A

-vector control
-vaccination

35
Q

What are the general characteristics of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

-anaerobic
-obligate parasite of pig and mouse colons
-causes swine dysentery
-spread through fecal-oral

36
Q

What are the characteristics of B. hyodysenteriae virulence/pathogenesis?

A

-chemotactically attracted to mucin
-invades intestinal crypts and disrupts colonic epithelium
-death from dehydration
-absorption of bacterial endotoxins through damaged mucosa can worsen symptoms

37
Q

What are the symptoms of B. hyodysenteriae?

A

-bloody diarrhea
-dehydration
-weight loss
-fibrinonecrotic pseudomembranous colitis

38
Q

How can B. hyodysenteriae be diagnosed?

A

-direct staining
-anaerobic culture
-PCR
-histopath/silver staining

39
Q

How is B. hyodysenteriae controlled?

A

-specific pathogen free herds
-management/hygiene
-vaccines

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Treponema pallidum?

A

-causes syphilis
-reemerging in humans
-cannot be cultivated in lab

41
Q

What does Treponema cause in cattle?

A

papillomatous digital dermatitis

42
Q

What does Treponema paraluiscuniculi cause in rabbits?

A

rabbit syphilis/vent disease

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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