Lecture 3 9/1/23

Question 1

What is the most important infection control measure on a pathogen level?

Answer 1

hand hygiene

Question 2

What are the two types of infection control in the host?

Answer 2

-nonspecific/innate
-specific/adaptive

Question 3

What is passive immunization?

Answer 3

administration of antibodies

Question 4

What is active immunization/vaccination?

Answer 4

administration of components of a pathogen to induce host immune response

Question 5

What are vaccines?

Answer 5

harmless components of infectious agents that induce a specific defense response without having to go through disease process

Question 6

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 6

-inactivated
-live-attenuated
-recombinant
-toxoid
-vector
-mRNA

Question 7

What aspects of environment are important for infection control?

Answer 7

-water
-soil
-air
-food
-vectors
-fomites

Question 8

What is decontamination?

Answer 8

reduction of pathogenic organisms to “safe” levels

Question 9

What is disinfection?

Answer 9

elimination of most microorganisms, excluding spores

Question 10

What is sterilization?

Answer 10

a validated process use to render a product free of nearly all forms of organisms, including spores

Question 11

What are antimicrobials?

Answer 11

drugs that destroy microbes, prevent multiplication/growth, or prevent pathogenic effects

Question 12

What is the antimicrobial definition?

Answer 12

any substance of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills/inhibits the growth of microorganisms while causing little/no harm to hsot

Question 13

What is the antibiotic definition?

Answer 13

substance produced by one microorganism that kills/inhibits other microorganisms

Question 14

How are antimicrobial agents classified?

Answer 14

-chemical family structure
-mode of action
-type of activity
-spectrum of activity

Question 15

Why is it important to know which bacteria are resistant to treatment?

Answer 15

it informs decisions regarding the avoidance of inappropriate/ineffective therapies

Question 16

What are the different modes of action for antimicrobials?

Answer 16

-targeting cell wall/cell membrane
-targeting nucleic acid synthesis
-targeting protein synthesis

Question 17

What are broad spectrum antimicrobials?

Answer 17

active against both gram pos. and gram neg. bacteria

Question 18

What are narrow spectrum antimicrobials?

Answer 18

limited activity, usually only useful against one particular class

Question 19

What are bactericidals?

Answer 19

kill bacteria

Question 20

What are bacteriostatics?

Answer 20

inhibit bacteria

Question 21

Why use antibiotics in animals?

Answer 21

-reduce pain/suffering
-protect livelihood/animal resources
-assurance of continued food production
-prevention/minimization of zoonotic bacteria in environment/food supply
-containment of potentially large-scale epidemics

Question 22

What must be known in order to use antimicrobials for therapy?

Answer 22

-how the drugs work
-whether the drug will work for the specific microbe
-which drugs will work best for the patient’s and client’s needs/limitations

Question 23

What are non-therapeutic uses for antibiotics?

Answer 23

-growth promotion in meat industry
-prophylaxis/prevention
-metaphylaxis/control