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FA1 Bacteriology > Lecture 1 8/31/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 8/31/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible bacteria shapes?

A

-cocci
-bacilli
-coccobacilli
-spiral
-spirochete

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of bacteria?

A

-prokaryotic
-unicellular
-singular cellular chromosome
-complex cell wall
-asexual repro. through binary fission

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

cause of disease

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

microbe that can cause disease

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4
Q

What is transmission?

A

spread of infectious agents from one host to another susceptible host

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5
Q

What is colonization?

A

presence of microbes in the body without any disease

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6
Q

What is infection?

A

invasion or growth of disease-causing microbes in the body

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7
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

mechanisms by which pathogens causes disease

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8
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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9
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

properties found in isolates that cause disease not in isolates of the same species that do not cause disease

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10
Q

What is virulence?

A

pathogen’s ability to cause disease/damage

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11
Q

What is predisposition?

A

condition of the host that makes it susceptible to infections

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12
Q

What are the potential outcomes of infection?

A

-disease followed by recovery
-disease followed by death or disability
-disease followed persistence of subclinical/chronic infection

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of obligate pathogens?

A

-highly virulent
-small # enough to cause infection
-distinct disease presentation
-host does not need any predisposition factors

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of primary pathogens?

A

-moderately virulent
-moderate numbers to cause infection
-distinct disease
-host needs some level of predisposition

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of opportunistic pathogens?

A

-no virulence
-non-specific disease
-host has many and/or severe predisposing factors

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16
Q

What is the sequence of events in bacterial pathogenesis?

A

-entry into host
-evasion of host defenses
-colonization of host systems
-multiplication
-exertion of damage in host
-transmission to other hosts

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17
Q

What is the disease “triangle of tragedy?”

A

-host: factors that impact susceptibility
-pathogen: factors that impact ability to infect/damage
-environment: factors that impact exposure

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18
Q

What types of damage can infection result in?

A

-changes in normal physiology
-depletion of nutrients
-inflammation/damaging immune response
-combination

19
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

collection of all microbes that naturally live on and inside of a body

20
Q

What are the characteristics of gram positive bacteria?

A

-thick peptidodglycan
-contain lipoteichoic acid
-no outer membrane

21
Q

What are the characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

A

-thin peptidoglycan
-have outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

22
Q

What are the characteristics of acid-fast bacteria?

A

-thin peptidoglycan
-no outer membrane
-considered gram pos.
-have mycolic acid

23
Q

What happens when gram negative bacteria die?

A

-release lipid A/endotoxin into bloodstream
-results in stimulated immune system and endotoxic or septic shock

24
Q

What are the two types of bacteria without a cell wall?

A

-mollicutes: genetically have no cell wall
-L-forms: once had cell wall but it has degraded

25
Q

Why can gram-staining not be used on bacteria without cell walls?

A

cell walls are what keep the gram-staining dyes in the cell

26
Q

What must be considered when treating an infection caused by cells lacking cell walls?

A

antibiotics that act by damaging the cell wall will not work on these bacteria

27
Q

What are the characteristics of flagella?

A

-filamentous structures used for motility
-number and arrangement can be used for ID

28
Q

What are endoflagella?

A

flagella inside the cell surface (like in spirochetes)

29
Q

What are the characteristics of pili/fimbriae?

A

-small, thread-like
-virulence factor
-facilitate adherence
-contribute to antigenicity/protection

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the capsule?

A

-outer polysaccharide coating on some bacteria
-helps with evading phagocytosis
-significant virulence factor

31
Q

What are the characteristics of endospores?

A

-dormant forms
-highly resistant
-produced when bacteria are exposed to adverse conditions
-essential when nutrients are depleted
-survival mechanism

32
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

proteins produced inside bacteria and secreted into the surrounding medium

33
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

constitutive elements of the bacteria membrane that are liberated when bacteria die

34
Q

What are the characteristics of exotoxins?

A

-heat labile
-exert action on specific target cells

35
Q

What are the characteristics of endotoxins?

A

-heat stable
-induce inflammation

36
Q

What do super antigens do?

A

-bind and cross link to MHC classical II on APCs and T helper cell receptor
-result in T cell activation and massive cytokine release
-end result is symptoms of shock

37
Q

How do super antigens differ from conventional antigens?

A

super antigens can activate any T cell, while conventional antigens only activate antigen-specific T cells

38
Q

What are the characteristics of biofilms?

A

-extracellular polymeric substances
-bacteria in masses
-increased clinging to surfaces
-promote chronicity
-reduce antimicrobial penetration/susceptibility

39
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

molecular communication system that synchronizes expression of certain genes

40
Q

What are plasmids?

A

circular extrachromosomal elements containing virulence factors that are transferred via conjugation

41
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

virus particles that attack bacteria and transfer or mutate virulence factors via transduction

42
Q

What are the three bacterial locations?

A

-extracellular (most common)
-obligate intracellular
-facultative intracellular

43
Q

What properties are used to classify bacteria?

A

-staining properties
-metabolic properties
-biochemical characteristics
-fatty acid profile
-DNA sequencing

44
Q

What DNA sequence is most often used for bacteria classification?

A

16s ribosomal gene

FA1 Bacteriology (21 decks)

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