Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does white blood cell count measure?

A

leukocytes in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does high white blood cell count indicate?

A

bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, side effects of medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does low white blood cell count indicate?

A

viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability to ward off disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is susceptibility?

A

lack of resistance to a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

defenses against any pathogen
- rapid, present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

resistance to a specific pathogen
- slower to respond, has memory component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do toll-like receptors attach?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do TLRs bind to PAMPs?

A

induces release of cytokines from the host cell that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 main layers of skin and its function?

A
  • dermis: inner portion with connective tissue
  • epidermis: outer layer of skin with keratin (protective protein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cell is in epidermis?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do we shed skin?

A

inhibits microbial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

epithelial layers that lines GI, respiratory, and tear ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is mucus?

A

viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and precent tracts from drying out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are lacrimal apparatus?

A

drains tears and washes eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do ciliary escalators do?

A

transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of earwax?

A

prevents microbes from entering the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of urine?

A

cleans out the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of vaginal secretions?

A

moves microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

protective film
- lowers pH of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of lysozymes in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine?

A

destroys bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of gastric juice?

A

pH of 1.2-3 destroys most bacteria and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 main way for normal microbiota to compete with pathogens?

A
  • competitive advantage for space and nutrients
  • produces substances harmful to pathogens
  • alter conditions that affect pathogen survival
24
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits while the host is unharmed

25
Q

What is the function of lactic acid bacteria?

A

inhibits growth of certain pathogens
colonize in large intestine to alleviate diarrhea

26
Q

What cells are found in plasma?

A

erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
platelets

27
Q

Where is plasma made? What’s the process called?

A

red bone marrow stem cells
- hematopoiesis

28
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm visible with a light microscope

29
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes and their functions?

A
  • neutrophils: phagocytic, work in early stages of infection
  • basophils: release histamines, work in allergic responses
  • eosinophils: phagocytic, toxic against parasites and helminths
30
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasma that aren’t visible with a light microscope

31
Q

What are the 3 examples of agranulocytes and their function?

A
  • monocytes: mature into macrophages in tissues where they are hagocytic
  • dendritic cells: found in the skin, mucous membranes, thymus; phagocytosis
  • lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, NK cells; adaptive immunity
32
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

immune cell in the innate immune system

33
Q

What do NK cells do? What is their key role?

A

attach any cell that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
- recognizes and destroys infected or cancerous cells by releasing toxic substances that induce cell death

34
Q

What are lytic granule?

A

sensory organelles specific to NK cells
- can contain perforin

35
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

extra cellular fluid flows into the cell and it bursts

36
Q

What are granzymes?

A

protein digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis

37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

38
Q

Why are natural killer cells better than T and B cells?

A

They don’t require prior exposure to an antigen
- rapid first line of defense against tumors and viral infections

39
Q

What are T cells?

A

type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system

40
Q

What is the functions of T cells?

A
  • help directly attack infected or cancerous cells
  • regulate immune responses
  • assist other immune cells
41
Q

What are B cells?

A

white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies that target specific pathogens

42
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A
  • humoral immune response
  • recognizing antigens and generating a targeted defense by creating antibodies to neutralize or destroy invading microbes
43
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

increase in white blood cell count during infections as a protective response to combat microbes

44
Q

What diseases can cause leukocytosis?

A
  • meningitis
  • appendicitis
  • gonnorrhea
45
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

decrease in white blood cell count

46
Q

What can leukopenia result from?

A
  • impaired white blood cell production
  • increased sensitivity of white blood cell membranes
47
Q

What is the differential white blood cell count?

A

measures percentage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 white cells to detect increases or decreases in specific leukocyte populations

48
Q

What are lymphs?

A

fluid that flows through lymphatic system
- contains lymphocytes and phagocytic cells

49
Q

What does lymphoid tissue have that participate in immune response?

A

T cells, B cells, phagocytic cells

50
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

sites of activation of T cells and B cells which destroy the microbes by immune response

51
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy the pathogen

52
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of microorganism or substance by a cell
- clears away debris and denatured proteins

53
Q

What are macrophages?

A

developed granulocytes and monocytes that come to the infected area

54
Q

What are fixed macrophages?

A

residents in tissues and organs

55
Q

What are free macrophages?

A

roam tissues and gather at sites of infection

56
Q

What is the mechanism of phagocytosis?

A

1) Chemotaxis: chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
2) Adherence: attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
3) Ingestion: opsonization - microorganism is coated with serum proteins to make ingestion easier
4) Digestion: eaten inside a phagolysosome
5) Elimination: exocytosis and discharge of waste materials

57
Q

What is residual body?

A

fatal lysosome with indigestible material
- moves toward cell boundary and discharges its waste outside the cell

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions