Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Microbiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does white blood cell count measure?

A

leukocytes in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does high white blood cell count indicate?

A

bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, side effects of medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does low white blood cell count indicate?

A

viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability to ward off disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is susceptibility?

A

lack of resistance to a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

defenses against any pathogen
- rapid, present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

resistance to a specific pathogen
- slower to respond, has memory component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do toll-like receptors attach?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do TLRs bind to PAMPs?

A

induces release of cytokines from the host cell that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 main layers of skin and its function?

A
  • dermis: inner portion with connective tissue
  • epidermis: outer layer of skin with keratin (protective protein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cell is in epidermis?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do we shed skin?

A

inhibits microbial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

epithelial layers that lines GI, respiratory, and tear ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is mucus?

A

viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and precent tracts from drying out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are lacrimal apparatus?

A

drains tears and washes eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do ciliary escalators do?

A

transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of earwax?

A

prevents microbes from entering the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of urine?

A

cleans out the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of vaginal secretions?

A

moves microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

protective film
- lowers pH of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of lysozymes in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine?

A

destroys bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of gastric juice?

A

pH of 1.2-3 destroys most bacteria and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 main way for normal microbiota to compete with pathogens?

A
  • competitive advantage for space and nutrients
  • produces substances harmful to pathogens
  • alter conditions that affect pathogen survival
24
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits while the host is unharmed

25
What is the function of lactic acid bacteria?
inhibits growth of certain pathogens colonize in large intestine to alleviate diarrhea
26
What cells are found in plasma?
erythrocytes (RBC) leukocytes (WBC) platelets
27
Where is plasma made? What’s the process called?
red bone marrow stem cells - hematopoiesis
28
What are granulocytes?
leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm visible with a light microscope
29
What are the 3 types of granulocytes and their functions?
- neutrophils: phagocytic, work in early stages of infection - basophils: release histamines, work in allergic responses - eosinophils: phagocytic, toxic against parasites and helminths
30
What are agranulocytes?
leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasma that aren’t visible with a light microscope
31
What are the 3 examples of agranulocytes and their function?
- monocytes: mature into macrophages in tissues where they are hagocytic - dendritic cells: found in the skin, mucous membranes, thymus; phagocytosis - lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, NK cells; adaptive immunity
32
What are natural killer cells?
immune cell in the innate immune system
33
What do NK cells do? What is their key role?
attach any cell that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins - recognizes and destroys infected or cancerous cells by releasing toxic substances that induce cell death
34
What are lytic granule?
sensory organelles specific to NK cells - can contain perforin
35
What is cytolysis?
extra cellular fluid flows into the cell and it bursts
36
What are granzymes?
protein digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis
37
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
38
Why are natural killer cells better than T and B cells?
They don't require prior exposure to an antigen - rapid first line of defense against tumors and viral infections
39
What are T cells?
type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system
40
What is the functions of T cells?
- help directly attack infected or cancerous cells - regulate immune responses - assist other immune cells
41
What are B cells?
white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies that target specific pathogens
42
What is the function of B cells?
- humoral immune response - recognizing antigens and generating a targeted defense by creating antibodies to neutralize or destroy invading microbes
43
What is leukocytosis?
increase in white blood cell count during infections as a protective response to combat microbes
44
What diseases can cause leukocytosis?
- meningitis - appendicitis - gonnorrhea
45
What is leukopenia?
decrease in white blood cell count
46
What can leukopenia result from?
- impaired white blood cell production - increased sensitivity of white blood cell membranes
47
What is the differential white blood cell count?
measures percentage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 white cells to detect increases or decreases in specific leukocyte populations
48
What are lymphs?
fluid that flows through lymphatic system - contains lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
49
What does lymphoid tissue have that participate in immune response?
T cells, B cells, phagocytic cells
50
What are lymph nodes?
sites of activation of T cells and B cells which destroy the microbes by immune response
51
What is the function of lymph?
carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy the pathogen
52
What is phagocytosis?
ingestion of microorganism or substance by a cell - clears away debris and denatured proteins
53
What are macrophages?
developed granulocytes and monocytes that come to the infected area
54
What are fixed macrophages?
residents in tissues and organs
55
What are free macrophages?
roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
56
What is the mechanism of phagocytosis?
1) Chemotaxis: chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms 2) Adherence: attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism 3) Ingestion: opsonization - microorganism is coated with serum proteins to make ingestion easier 4) Digestion: eaten inside a phagolysosome 5) Elimination: exocytosis and discharge of waste materials
57
What is residual body?
fatal lysosome with indigestible material - moves toward cell boundary and discharges its waste outside the cell

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions