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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are atoms made of? What are their charges?

A

Protons (+)
Electrons (-)
Neutrons (0)

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2
Q

What does atomic number indicate?

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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4
Q

What are isotopes?

A

same proton number, different neutron number

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5
Q

What is the count for electrons in each shell?

A

2
8
8

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6
Q

What is the outermost shell called? When is it stable? Unstable?

A

Valence shell
- stable: full or exactly half
- unstable: not full

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7
Q

What are the strengths of the 3 chemical bonds, strongest to weakest?

A

ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond

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8
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

bond between 2 ions
- OILRIG: oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining

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9
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

when electrons are shared between atoms
C-C
C=C

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10
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

usually between water molecules
- bridge between molecules with hydrogen

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11
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

2 or more atoms combine to form a larger molecule
A + B -> AB

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12
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Bonds are broken to make a larger molecule into smaller ones
AB -> A + B

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

synthesis reaction where water is released
A + B -> AB + H2O

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

H2O is used to break molecules

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15
Q

What are features of inorganic compounds?

A

Small, simple molecules
- lacks carbon

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16
Q

What are some examples of inorganic compounds?

A

water, oxygen, salts, acids, bases

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17
Q

What are features of organic compounds?

A

large, structurally complex
- always has carbon and hydrogen
- covalent bonds

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18
Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

A

sugars and proteins

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19
Q

What does water do outside the cell?

A

dissolves nutrients and facilitates passageways

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20
Q

What does water do inside the cell?

A

facilitates splitting and joining H+ and OH-

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21
Q

What is polarity?

A

uneven electrical charge between atoms joined by a bond

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22
Q

What is pH?

A

measure of acidity or basicity of a solution
pH = -log[H+]

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23
Q

What is an acid?

A

pH 0-6

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24
Q

What can an acid do?

A

proton donor
- can dissociate into one or more H+

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25
Q

What is a base?

A

pH 8-14

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26
Q

What can a base do?

A

proton acceptor
- dissociated into OH-

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27
Q

What are functional groups?

A

groups of atoms that can bind to the carbon skeleton

28
Q

What are the 4 major macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

29
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
- includes starches, sugars, and cellulose

30
Q

What are 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

31
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

one carbohydrate
- building block

32
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides?

A

quick energy source
- like glucose

33
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
- covalent bond

34
Q

What is the function of disaccharides?

A

Structural component for bacterial cell walls

35
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

large carbohydrate molecule with lots of monosaccharides linked together

36
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

long term energy source (storage) and structural component for plant cell walls

37
Q

What are proteins?

A

a bunch of amino acids strung together

38
Q

What are proteins important for?

A

essential in cell structure and function

39
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A
  • structure
  • transporter protein (through membranes)
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • bacterial toxins
40
Q

What are amino acids?

A

protein subunits
- has alpha-carbon with carboxyl group and amino group

41
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

forms between amino acids through dehydration synthesis

42
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structures and how do they differ?

A

1) Primary - single polypeptide chain/strand
2) Secondary - sequence of polypeptides in helix or sheets
3) Tertiary - pleated sheets folded irregularly with disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds
4) Quaternary - 2+ polypeptide chains bound together

43
Q

What are lipids?

A

hydrophobic nonpolar organic molecule

44
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

simple lipids
complex lipids
steroids and sterols

45
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

building blocks

46
Q

What is the function of simple lipids?

A

Alternative source of energy when carbs aren’t available

47
Q

What is an example of simple lipids?

A

Triglycerides: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

48
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated: no double bonds
Unsaturated: 1+ double bonds

49
Q

What is the function of complex lipids?

A

structure and regulation of transport

50
Q

What’s the difference between complex and simple lipids?

A

simple: alcohol + fatty acid
complex: simple + extra molecules

51
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group

52
Q

What are the properties of a phospholipid?

A

Polar (bear) head, nonpolar fatty acid tails

53
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

waxy lipid material in cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

54
Q

When are steroids formed?

A

4 interconnected carbon rings

55
Q

What is a sterol?

A

-OH is attached to one of the rings

56
Q

Why are sterols important?

A

plasma membranes of animal cells, plants, fungi, and mycoplasma bacteria
- separates fatty acid chains and prevents packing

57
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base (either purine or pyrimidine)

58
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Deoxyribose
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nitrogen bases: A T C G

59
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

Ribose
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nitrogen bases: A U C G

60
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

storing genetic information

61
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

protein synthesis

62
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine

63
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

64
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups

65
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

1) Storing chemical energy release by some chemical reactions
2) Releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate cell energy

Medical Microbiology (22 decks)

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