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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms made of? What are their charges?

A

Protons (+)
Electrons (-)
Neutrons (0)

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2
Q

What does atomic number indicate?

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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4
Q

What are isotopes?

A

same proton number, different neutron number

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5
Q

What is the count for electrons in each shell?

A

2
8
8

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6
Q

What is the outermost shell called? When is it stable? Unstable?

A

Valence shell
- stable: full or exactly half
- unstable: not full

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7
Q

What are the strengths of the 3 chemical bonds, strongest to weakest?

A

ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond

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8
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

bond between 2 ions
- OILRIG: oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining

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9
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

when electrons are shared between atoms
C-C
C=C

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10
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

usually between water molecules
- bridge between molecules with hydrogen

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11
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

2 or more atoms combine to form a larger molecule
A + B -> AB

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12
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Bonds are broken to make a larger molecule into smaller ones
AB -> A + B

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

synthesis reaction where water is released
A + B -> AB + H2O

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

H2O is used to break molecules

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15
Q

What are features of inorganic compounds?

A

Small, simple molecules
- lacks carbon

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16
Q

What are some examples of inorganic compounds?

A

water, oxygen, salts, acids, bases

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17
Q

What are features of organic compounds?

A

large, structurally complex
- always has carbon and hydrogen
- covalent bonds

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18
Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

A

sugars and proteins

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19
Q

What does water do outside the cell?

A

dissolves nutrients and facilitates passageways

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20
Q

What does water do inside the cell?

A

facilitates splitting and joining H+ and OH-

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21
Q

What is polarity?

A

uneven electrical charge between atoms joined by a bond

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22
Q

What is pH?

A

measure of acidity or basicity of a solution
pH = -log[H+]

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23
Q

What is an acid?

A

pH 0-6

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24
Q

What can an acid do?

A

proton donor
- can dissociate into one or more H+

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25
What is a base?
pH 8-14
26
What can a base do?
proton acceptor - dissociated into OH-
27
What are functional groups?
groups of atoms that can bind to the carbon skeleton
28
What are the 4 major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
29
What are carbohydrates?
2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen - includes starches, sugars, and cellulose
30
What are 3 types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
31
What are monosaccharides?
one carbohydrate - building block
32
What is the function of monosaccharides?
quick energy source - like glucose
33
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond - covalent bond
34
What is the function of disaccharides?
Structural component for bacterial cell walls
35
What are polysaccharides?
large carbohydrate molecule with lots of monosaccharides linked together
36
What is the function of polysaccharides?
long term energy source (storage) and structural component for plant cell walls
37
What are proteins?
a bunch of amino acids strung together
38
What are proteins important for?
essential in cell structure and function
39
What are some functions of proteins?
- structure - transporter protein (through membranes) - enzymes - antibodies - bacterial toxins
40
What are amino acids?
protein subunits - has alpha-carbon with carboxyl group and amino group
41
What is a peptide bond?
forms between amino acids through dehydration synthesis
42
What are the 4 levels of protein structures and how do they differ?
1) Primary - single polypeptide chain/strand 2) Secondary - sequence of polypeptides in helix or sheets 3) Tertiary - pleated sheets folded irregularly with disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds 4) Quaternary - 2+ polypeptide chains bound together
43
What are lipids?
hydrophobic nonpolar organic molecule
44
What are the 3 types of lipids?
simple lipids complex lipids steroids and sterols
45
What are simple lipids?
building blocks
46
What is the function of simple lipids?
Alternative source of energy when carbs aren't available
47
What is an example of simple lipids?
Triglycerides: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
48
What are the 2 types of fatty acids?
Saturated: no double bonds Unsaturated: 1+ double bonds
49
What is the function of complex lipids?
structure and regulation of transport
50
What's the difference between complex and simple lipids?
simple: alcohol + fatty acid complex: simple + extra molecules
51
What is a phospholipid made of?
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
52
What are the properties of a phospholipid?
Polar (bear) head, nonpolar fatty acid tails
53
What is mycolic acid?
waxy lipid material in cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
54
When are steroids formed?
4 interconnected carbon rings
55
What is a sterol?
-OH is attached to one of the rings
56
Why are sterols important?
plasma membranes of animal cells, plants, fungi, and mycoplasma bacteria - separates fatty acid chains and prevents packing
57
What are nucleic acids made up of?
5-carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base (either purine or pyrimidine)
58
What is DNA made of?
Deoxyribose Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogen bases: A T C G
59
What is RNA made of?
Ribose Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogen bases: A U C G
60
What is the purpose of DNA?
storing genetic information
61
What is the purpose of RNA?
protein synthesis
62
What are the purine bases?
Adenine Guanine
63
What are the pyrimidine bases?
Cytosine Thymine Uracil
64
What is ATP made of?
Ribose Adenine 3 phosphate groups
65
What is the function of ATP?
1) Storing chemical energy release by some chemical reactions 2) Releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate cell energy

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

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