Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the physical requirements for growth?

A

temperature
pH
osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the chemical requirements required for growth?

A
  • carbon
  • nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
  • trace elements
  • oxygen
  • organic growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 main points in temperature for growth?

A
  • minimum growth temperature
  • optimum growth temperature
  • maximum growth temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are psychrophiles?
- temperature
- location found
- adaptations

A

cold-loving organisms
- -20C to 10C
- Antarctic/Arctic regions or deep ocean or permafrost
- specialized enzymes and cellular membranes that remain fluid and functional at low temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are psychrophiles important?

A

cold-adapted industrial processes
- biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are psychrotrophs?
- temperature
- location found
- results in what?

A
  • cold-loving
  • 0C to 30C
  • variety of environments like refrigerator
  • causes food spoilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are mesophiles?
- temperature
- location found
- importance

A
  • moderate temperature loving
  • 30C to 40C
  • soil, water, human body, compost piles
  • important for fermentation, digestion, decomposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are thermophiles?
- temperature
- location found
- adaptations

A
  • heat-loving
  • 50C to 60C
  • hot springs, geothermal areas, compost heaps
  • specialized enzymes and cellular structures to maintain stability and functionality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are thermophiles valuable?

A

production of biofuels and other biotechnological applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are hyperthermophiles?
- temperature
- location found

A
  • anything more than 80C (sometimes more than 100C)
  • hydrothermal vents on ocean floor, hot springs, geysers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the steps on a bacterial growth graph?

A

1) Lag phase: no growth
2) Exponential phase: growing more
3) Stationary phase: the peak; maximum amount
4) Death phase: cells dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

bacteria growing in acidic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are alkaliphiles?

A

bacteria growing in basic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of alkaliphiles?

A

Bacillus alcalophilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

caused by high osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are extreme or obligate halophiles?

A

bacteria that grow in high osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are facultative halophiles?

A

bacteria that can exist in high osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are trace elements? Give some examples.

A

inorganic elements required in small amounts
- enzyme cofactors
- iron, copper, zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is organic growth? Give some examples.

A

organic compounds from the environment
- vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are biofilms and their purpose?

A

form slime/hydrogels that stick to surfaces
- share nutrients
- shelter bacteria from harmful environmental factors

21
Q

Where is biofilm found?

A

digestive system and sewage treatment systems

22
Q

What is culture medium?

A

nutrients prepared for microbial growth

23
Q

What does it mean to be sterile?

A

no living microbes

24
Q

What is inoculation?

A

introduction of microbes into a medium

25
Q

What is a culture?

A

microbes growing in a culture medium

26
Q

Who created aseptic technique?

A

Louis Pasteur

27
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

prevents contamination and maintaining sterility

28
Q

What are the essential tools in aseptic technique?

A
  • autoclave
  • biological safety hood
  • bunsen burner
29
Q

What temperatures does agar solidify and liquefy?

A
  • solidifies at 40C
  • liquefies at 100C
30
Q

What are capnophiles?

A

microbes that require high CO2 conditions
- candle jar

31
Q

What are the biosafety levels?

A

BSL-1: no special precautions
BSL-2: lab coat, gloves, goggles
BSL-3: biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission
BSL-4: sealed, negative pressure, HEPA filters

32
Q

What is selective media?

A

suppresses unwanted microbes and contains inhibitors to suppress growth

33
Q

What is differential media?

A

allows distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on the same plate

34
Q

Can media be both selective and differential?

A

yes

35
Q

What is enrichment culture?

A

encourages the growth of a desired microbe by increasing very small numbers of a desired organisms
- Sabouraud Dextrose Agar

36
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

contains only one species or strain

37
Q

How do we isolate pure cultures?

A

streak plate method

38
Q

How do we preserve bacterial cultures?

A
  • deep-freezing: -50C to -95C
  • lyophilization (freeze-drying): -54C to -72C and dehyrated
39
Q

What is binary fission?

A

prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

40
Q

What is budding?

A

asexual reproduction as a protuberance from a parent cell to a daughter cell

41
Q

What are conidiospores?

A

fungi
- actinomycetes
- fragmentation of filaments

42
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A

1) Cell elongates and DNA is replicated
2) Plasma membrane begins to constrict and new wall is made
3) Cross-wall forms, completely separating the two DNA copies
4) Cells separate

43
Q

How do you ensure the right number of colonies on a plate?

A

Serial dilution

44
Q

What is filtration?

A

solution passed through a filter that collects bacteria
- then transferred to a petri dish to grow colonies

45
Q

What is the most probably number method?

A

multiple test tubes
- count positive tubes
- compare to statistical table

46
Q

What is the direct microscopic count method?

A

average number of bacteria per viewing field is calculated
- uses Petroff-Hausser cell counter

47
Q

What is turbidity?

A

measurement of cloudiness with a spectrophotometer

48
Q

What is metabolic activity?

A

amount of metabolic product is proportional to the number of bacteria

49
Q

What is dry weight?

A

bacteria are filtered, dried, and weighed
- used for filamentous organisms

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions