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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity

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2
Q

What is variolation?

A

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

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3
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccination?

A
  • provokes a primary immune response which leads to the formation of antibodies and memory cells
  • produces a rapid, intense secondary response
  • herd immunity: most of the population is immunity
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4
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • weakened pathogen
  • closely mimic an actual infection
  • confers lifelong cellular and humoral immunity
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5
Q

What are inactivated killed vaccines?

A
  • safer than live vaccines
  • require repeated booster doses
  • induce mostly humoral immunity
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6
Q

What is subunit vaccines?

A

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

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7
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines? What are the differences?

A
  • recombinant vaccines: produced by genetic modification
  • toxoids: inactivated toxins
  • virus-like particle vaccines: resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material
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8
Q

What are polysaccharides vaccines?

A

made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule
- not very immunogenic

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9
Q

What are conjugated vacciens?

A

used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are nucleic acid vaccines?

A
  • injected naked DNA produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
  • stimulate humoral and cellular immunity
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11
Q

What are recombinant vector vaccines?

A

avirulent viruses or bacteria are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens

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12
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A
  • without animal host
  • plants
  • oral vaccines
  • dry vaccines (skin patch)
  • multiple-combination vaccines
  • vaccines for chronic diseases
  • reverse vaccinology
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13
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness
- improve the innate immune response

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14
Q

What are the approved adjuvants in the US?

A
  • alums
  • monophosphoryl lipid A
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15
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive

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16
Q

What is specificity?

A

probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative

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17
Q

When do we use immunologic-based diagnostic tests?

A
  • interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens
  • known antibody can identify an unknown
  • known pathogen can identify an unknown antibody
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18
Q

What is hybridoma?

A

immortal cancerous B cell (myeloma) combined with an antibody-producing normal B cells
- produces monoclonal antibodies

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19
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A
  • diagnostic tools
  • human therapy
    = neutralize TNF block the progression of rheumatoid arthritis
    = treat allergic asthma by preventing the binding of IgE on mast cells and basophils
20
Q

Where do monoclonal antibodies come from?

A

mouse cells

21
Q

What are chimeric monoclonal antibodies?

A

mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region

22
Q

What are humanized antibodies?

A

mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding sites

23
Q

What are fully human antibodies?

A

mabs produced from a human gene on a mouse

24
Q

What is the precipitin ring test?

A

cloudy line forms where there is the optimal ratio of antigen and antibody

25
Q

What are immunodiffusion tests?

A

precipitation reactions carried out in an agar gel medium
- precipitate forms where the optimal antigen-antibody ratio occurs

26
Q

What is immunoelectrophoresis?

A

combines electrophoresis with immunodiffusion
- separates proteins in human serum

27
Q

What are agglutination reactions?

A

particulate antigens binding to antibodies to form visible aggregates

28
Q

What are direct agglutination tests?

A
  • detect antibodies against large cellular antigens
  • measures concentration of serum antibody (titer)
    = rise in titer indicates a greater immunity to disease
29
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

significant change in titer as a disease progresses

30
Q

What is indirect (passive) agglutination tests?

A

antibody reacts with the soluble antigen adhering to the particles

31
Q

What is hemagglutination?

A

agglutination of RBC surface antigens and complementary antibodies
- used in blood typing

32
Q

What is viral hemagglutination?

A

occurs when viruses agglutinate RBCs without an antigen-antibody reaction

33
Q

What diseases have viral hemagglutination?

A
  • mumps
  • measles
  • influenza
34
Q

What are neutralization reactions?

A

antigen-antibody reaction where the harmful effects of an exotoxin or a virus are blocked by antibodies to the toxin (antitoxin)

35
Q

What is the viral hemagglutination inhibition test?

A

used for subtyping viruses
- viruses and RBCs are mixed with the patient’s serum
- if the serum contains antibodies to a virus, they neutralize the virus and inhibit hemagglutination

36
Q

What are complement fixation?

A

complement serum protein binds to and is fixed to the antigen-antibody complex

37
Q

How do complement-fixation reactions work?

A
  • detects small amount of antibody
  • works for antibodies that do not work with precipitation or agglutination reactions
38
Q

What do fluorescent-antibody techniques do?

A

combine fluorescent dyes with antibodies

39
Q

What do direct fluorescent-antibody tests do?

A

identifies microorganism in a clinical specimen

40
Q

What do indirect fluorescent-antibody tests do? How does it work?

A

detect specific antibody in serum
- anti-human immune serum globulin (anti-HISG) is added and will react with any antibody in serum if the result is positive

41
Q

How does the fluorescence-activated cell sorter work?

A
  • laser beam strikes a droplet containing a cell
  • detector determines size and fluorescence of surface molecules
  • imparts a charge to the cell, separating cells
42
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

43
Q

What does direct ELISA do? How does it work?

A

detects antigens
- sample with antigens is mixed with antibody
- enzyme-linked antibodies react with the antigen
- detected by adding a substrate for the linked enzyme

44
Q

What does indirect ELISA do?

A

detects antibodies

45
Q

What does western blotting do?

A

identifies proteins via electrophoresis and a blot

46
Q

What does the future of diagnostic and therapeutic immunology look like?

A
  • increasing automation of tests
  • PCR and DNA probes
  • inexpensive and simple tests for developing countries
  • disease prevention and therapy
47
Q

What are some challenges with getting a population vaccinated?

A
  • poverty
  • lack of health infrastructure
  • boosters
  • avoidance

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

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