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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the key features of arthropods?

A
  • jointed limbs: adaptable limbs for movement and handling objects
  • segmented bodies: divided into distinct regions
  • exoskeleton made of chitin (molts for growth)L for protection and support
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2
Q

What are some types of arthropods?

A
  • insects
  • myriapods
  • arachnids
  • crustaceans
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3
Q

What are examples of insect vectors?

A
  • mosquitoes
  • fleas
  • flies
  • kissing bugs
  • lice
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4
Q

What is the effect of warmer temperatures on arthropod diseases?

A
  • expanded habitats (mosquitoes love warm)
  • increased reproduction rates (warm speeds up insect life cycles)
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5
Q

What is the effect of a shift in seasonal pattern on arthropod diseases?

A
  • longer active seasons (extends breeding and biting season)
  • migration patterns (introduce new diseases to previously unaffected areas)
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6
Q

What is the effect of increased prevalence on arthropod disease?

A
  • increase in mosquito-borne diseases
  • increase in tick-borne diseases
  • increase in crop-damaging pests
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7
Q

What is the effect of humidity and precipitation changes on arthropod diseases?

A
  • higher humidity support insect reproduction
  • flooding = stagnant water = ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes
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8
Q

What type of arthropod disease is plague?

A

bacterial

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9
Q

What causes plague?

A

yersinia pestis

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10
Q

What transmits plague?

A

fleas (typically found on rodents)

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11
Q

What are examples of protozoan diseases?

A
  • malaria
  • african trypanosomiasis
  • chagas disease
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12
Q

What causes malaria?

A

plasmodium

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13
Q

What transmits malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

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14
Q

What is another name for African Trypanosomiasis?

A

sleeping sickness

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15
Q

What is African Trypanosomiasis caused by?

A

trypanosoma brucei

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16
Q

What is African Trypanosomiasis transmitted by?

A

tsetse flies

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17
Q

What is Chagas Disease caused by?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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18
Q

What transmits Chagas Disease?

A

triatomine bugs (kissing bugs)

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19
Q

What are the 4 species of parasites that cause malaria?

A

1) plasmodium vivax: mildest and most prevalent
2) plasmodium ovale: benign
3) plasmodium malariae: benign
4) plasmodium falciparum: most deadly

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20
Q

What does plasmodium falciparum affect?

A
  • severe anemia
  • blocks capillaries
  • affects kidneys, liver, brain
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21
Q

How does malaria spread in the body?

A
  • mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
  • enters liver cells (schizogony) = release of merozoites into the blood
  • infects RBCs and undergo schizogony
  • ruptures infected RBCs, releasing toxic compounds
  • causes paroxysms of chills and fever
  • some merozoites develop into gametocytes and taken up by a mosquito
  • cycle repeats
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22
Q

Why is it hard to have a vaccine for malaria?

A
  • plasmodium rapidly mutates and evades an immune response
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23
Q

How can you prevent malaria?

A
  • chloroquine (malarone for resistant areas)
  • artemisinin
  • bed nets
  • vaccines
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24
Q

Is malaria hard to diagnose?

A

yes, without sophisticated equipment

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25
Q

What is the reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

A

humans

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26
Q

What is the reservoir for trypanosome brucei rhodesiense?

A

livestock and wild animals

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27
Q

How is African trypanosomiasis transmitted?

A

animals to humans by tsetse fly

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of African trypanosomiasis?

A
  • few early symptoms
  • fever
  • headache
  • deterioration of CNS
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29
Q

How does African trypanosomiasis spread through the body?

A

parasites evades antibodies through antigenic variation

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30
Q

How is african trypanosomiasis treated?

A

eflornithine
- crosses blood-brain barrier
- blocks enzyme needed for parasite

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31
Q

How is african trypanosomiasis prevented?

A

elimination of tsetse fly vectors

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32
Q

What is another name for Chagas disease?

A

American Trypanosomiasis

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33
Q

What causes Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
- flagellated protozoan

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34
Q

What is the reservoir for Chagas disease?

A

rodents, opossums, armadillos

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35
Q

What is the vector for Chagas disease?

A

reduviid bug (kissing bug)
- defecates trypanosomes into the bite wound of humans

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36
Q

What does the chronic form of Chagas disease cause?

A
  • megaesophagus
  • megacolon
  • death due to heart damage
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37
Q

How can chagas disease be treated?

A
  • it can’t
  • trypanosome multiplies intracellularly
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38
Q

What are examples of insect viral diseases?

A
  • yellow fever
  • dengue
  • west nile virus
  • chikungunya fever
  • zika virus
  • st. louis encephalitis
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39
Q

What is yellow fever caused by? What is the vector?

A

yellow fever virus
- injected from Aedes aegypti

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40
Q

What are symptoms of yellow fever?

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • jaundice (liver damage)
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41
Q

What is the treatment for yellow fever?

A

none
- attenuated vaccine

42
Q

What is dengue?

A

milder than yellow fever
- also transmitted by Aedes aegypti

43
Q

Where are most cases of yellow fever and dengue found?

A

tropical areas
- Caribbean

44
Q

What are symptoms of dengue?

A

asymptomatic
- mild fever
- mild pain
- everything mild

45
Q

What are symptoms of severe denngue?

A
  • severe bleeding
  • organ impairment
46
Q

What is the reservoir for dengue?

A

humans
- no animals

47
Q

How can dengue be prevented and treated?

A
  • no vaccine
  • no drug treatment
48
Q

What is chikunngunya fever caused by?

A

chikungunya virus

49
Q

What is the chikungunya fever related to?

A

western and eastern equine encephalitis

50
Q

What is chikungunya fever transmitted by?

A

Aedes albopictus
- AKA asian tiger mosquito

51
Q

What are symptoms of chikungunya fever?

A
  • high fever
  • severe joint pain
  • rash
  • blisters
  • low death rate
52
Q

Where are most cases of chikungunya fever found?

A
  • 1.7m cases in Caribbean
  • first case in western hemisphere in 2013
  • locally acquired in Florida and Texas
53
Q

What are some challenges with fighting vectors for chikungunya fever?

A
  • insecticides don’t work well
  • bed nets don’t work because they eat all day
54
Q

What are some ways to prevent Chikungunya fever?

A
  • water storage covers
  • ovitraps
  • biological control (mosquito dunks)
55
Q

How do ticks work as vectors?

A

attaches to host to feed on blood and transfers pathogens at the same time

56
Q

What diseases are ticks transmit?

A
  • lyme disease
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • tick-borne encephalitis
57
Q

What disease can mites transmit?

A

rickettsial diseases
- scrub typhus

58
Q

What are examples of bacterial disease arachnids can carry?

A
  • typhus
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • lyme disease
59
Q

What is typhus caused by? What are their main characteristics?

A

Rickettsia spp
- obligate intracellular parasites

60
Q

How do Rickettsia spp work?

A
  • infect endothelial cells of the vascular system
  • block and rupture the small blood vessels
61
Q

What spreads typhus?

A

arthropod vectors

62
Q

What is typhus fever? What is it caused by?

A
  • epidemic louseborne typhus
  • Rickettsia prowazekii
63
Q

What is Typhus fever transmitted by?

A
  • body louse: Pediculus humanus corporis
  • louse feces are rubbed into the bite wound from the louse
64
Q

What are symptoms of Typhus fever?

A
  • prolonged fever
  • rash of red spots
  • subcutaneous hemorrhaging
65
Q

How is typhus fever treated?

A
  • tetracycline
  • chloramphenicol
66
Q

What is endemic murine typhus caused by?

A

Rickettsia typhi

67
Q

What is endemic murine typhus transmitted by?

A

rat flea: X. cheopiis

68
Q

What is the common host for endemic murine typhus?

A

rodents
- murine = mouse

69
Q

How is endemic murine typhus treated?

A

same as typhus fever
- tetracycline
- chloramphenicol

70
Q

What is another name for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

tickborne typhus

71
Q

What is rocky mountain spotted fever caused by?

A

rickettsia rickettsii

72
Q

What is rocky mountain spotted fever spread by?

A
  • wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni)
  • dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis)
73
Q

What are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

measles-like rash
- also on palms and soles

74
Q

How can rocky mountain spotted fever be treated?

A

same as typhus
- tetracycline
- chloramphenicol

75
Q

What disease do biting midges transmit?

A

bluetongue virus
- affects livestock

76
Q

What is the mechanism for biting midges?

A

bites transfer virus to animals
- impacts agriculture and ecosystems

77
Q

What disease do sandflies transmit?

A
  • leishmaniasis
  • sandfly fever
78
Q

What is the mechanism for sandflies?

A

transfers protozoan parasites or viruses through blood feeding

79
Q

What is born from biting midges?

A

arboviral encephalitis

80
Q

What is EEE and WEE? What is mortality rate?

A

Eastern/western equine encephalitis
- 30% mortality in humans

81
Q

What does WEE and EEE cause?

A
  • brain damage
  • deafness
  • neurological damage
82
Q

How can EEE and WEE be treated?

A

it can’t
- no FDA-approved antiviral drugs

83
Q

What is transmission of St Louis encephalitis?

A

Culex mosquitoes

84
Q

What are symptoms of St Louis encephalitis?

A

mild or asymptomatic
- severe cases = serious neurological disease

85
Q

Where is St Louis encephalitis prevalent?

A

central and eastern US

86
Q

What is California encephalitis transmitted by?

A

Aedes and Culex mosquitoes

87
Q

What are symptoms of California encephalitis?

A

mild and rarely fetal

88
Q

What is west nile virrus transmitted by?

A

Culex mosquitoes

89
Q

How is west nile virus maintained?

A

bird-mosquito-bird cycle

90
Q

What are symptoms of west nile virus?

A

mild (fever, headache) to polio like paralysis and fetal encephalitiis

91
Q

What crustaceans can be intermediate hosts?

A

freshwater crustaceans (copepods)

92
Q

What is schistosomiasis transmitted by?

A

small flukes called Schistosoma

93
Q

What is guinea worm disease transmitted by?

A

larvae of Dracunculus medinensis develop in copepods
- ingested by humans in contaminated water

94
Q

How does schistosomiasis work through the body?

A
  • feces carrying eggs get into the water supply
  • cercariae released from the snail penetrate the skin of humans
  • eggs shed by adult schistosomes in the host lodge in tissues (forms granulomas)
95
Q

What is the intermediate host for Schistosomiasis?

A

aquatic snails

96
Q

What is Schistosoma haematobium?

A

urinary schistosomiasis

97
Q

What is schistosoma japonicum?

A

schistosomiasis that causes intestinal inflammation found in Asia

98
Q

What is schistosoma mansoni?

A

schistosomiasis that causes intestinal inflammation found in South America

99
Q

What is the primary treatment of Schistosomiasis? What is the dosage like? How effective?

A

Praziquantel: kills adult worms by disrupting their structure
- single or split dose based on infection severity
- highly effective: 60-90% cure rate

100
Q

What are alternative drugs for Schistosomiasis?

A
  • Oxamniquine for praziquantel resistance
  • Artemisinin derivatives (currently researching)
101
Q

How can we provide supportive care for Schistosomiasis?

A
  • symptom management (anti-inflammatory drugs, hydration)
  • surgery for severe organ damage
102
Q

How can we prevent Schistosomiasis?

A
  • mass drug administration (MDA)
  • health education: avoid contact with contaminated water, improve sanitation

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

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