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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is pathology?

A

study of disease

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

cause of a disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

development of disease

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4
Q

What is an infection?

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

What is a disease?

A

abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

When the human microbiome start?

A

in utero
- through placenta and maternal cut

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7
Q

How is the human microbiome affected?

A

microbial diversity increases through interactions with the environment and the diet
- stabilizes throughout life but plays key role in digestion, immunity, and health

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8
Q

What is the human microbiome project?

A

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

What is normal microbiota?

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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10
Q

What is transient microbiota?

A

temporarily present

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11
Q

What is the distribution and composition of normal microbiota determined by?

A
  • nutrients
  • physical and chemical factors
  • host defenses
  • mechanical factors
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12
Q

What bacteria is present during vaginal birth?

A

lactobacillus and bacteroides

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13
Q

What bacteria is present during c-section?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

competition between microbes
- competitive exclusion

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15
Q

How does the normal microbiota protect the host?

A
  • competing for nutrients
  • producing substances harmful to invading microbes
  • affecting pH and available oxygen
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16
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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17
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits and the other is unharmed

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18
Q

What is mutualism?

A

both organisms benefit

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19
Q

What is parasitism?

A

one organism benefits and the other is harmed

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20
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

1) Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) Pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a health, susceptible laboratory animal
4) Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

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21
Q

Why did Koch form those postulates?

A

to prove the cause of an infectious disease

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22
Q

What are some exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A
  • some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
  • some pathogens cause disease only in humans
  • some microbes have never been cultured
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23
Q

What are symptoms?

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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24
Q

What are signs?

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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25
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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26
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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27
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

disease that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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28
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease?

A

disease that is not spread from one host to another

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29
Q

What is an incidence?

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

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30
Q

What is prevalence?

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
- takes into account both old and new cases

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31
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

occurs only occasionally

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32
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

constantly present in a population

33
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

34
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

worldwide epidemic

35
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

symptoms develop rapidly and the disease lasts a short time

36
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

symptoms develop slowly

37
Q

What is a subacute disease?

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

38
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

causative agent is inactive for a time and then activates and produces symptoms

39
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

immunity in most of a population

40
Q

What is local infection?

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

41
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

infection throughout the body

42
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection

43
Q

What is sepsis?

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focus of infection
- bacteria or their toxins

44
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

bacteria in the blood

45
Q

What is septicemia?

A

blood poisoning
- growth of bacteria in the blood

46
Q

What is toxemia?

A

toxins in the blood

47
Q

What is viremia?

A

viruses in the blood

48
Q

What is primary infection?

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

49
Q

What is secondary infection?

A

opportunistic infection after a primary infection

50
Q

What is subclinical disease?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms

51
Q

What are some predisposing factors?

A
  • gender
  • inherited traits
  • climate/weather
  • lack of vaccination
  • fatigue
  • age
  • lifestyle
  • nutrition
52
Q

What is incubation period?

A

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

53
Q

What is prodromal period?

A

shor tperiod after incubation
- early, mild symptoms

54
Q

What is period of illness?

A

disease is most severe

55
Q

What is period of decline?

A

signs and symptoms subside

56
Q

What is period of convalescence?

A

body returns to its prediseased state

57
Q

What are examples of continual sources of infection?

A
  • human reservoirs
  • animal reservoirs: animals -> humans
  • nonliving reservoirs: soil and water -> inhaled by humans
58
Q

What are examples of contact transmission?

A
  • direct contact: close association between infected and susceptible host
  • congenital transmission: mother to fetus/newborn
  • indirect contact: fomite (nonliving object like doorknob)
  • droplet transmission: airborne droplets less than 1 meter
59
Q

What are examples of transmission by an inanimate reservoir?

A
  • airborne
  • waterborne
  • foodborne
60
Q

What are healthcare-associated infections? (HAIs)

A

acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility
- AKA nosocomial infections

61
Q

What do HAIs result from?

A
  • microorganisms in the hospital environment
  • weakened status of the host
  • chain of transmission in a hospital
62
Q

What is a compromised host?

A

individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, burns

63
Q

What are transmission-based precautions?

A

supplemental to standard precautions
- designed for known or suspected infections
- masks

64
Q

What are examples of standard practices?

A
  • handwashing
  • disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
  • cleaning instruments well
  • using disposable bandages and intubation
65
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future

66
Q

What are contributing factors of emerging infectious diseases?

A
  • genetic recombination
  • evolution of new strains
  • widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides
  • changes in weather patterns
  • modern transportation
  • insect vectors
  • ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
  • animal control measures
  • public health failure
  • bioterrorism
67
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitter in populations

68
Q

What do epidemiologists do?

A
  • determine etiology of a disease
  • identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease
  • develop methods for controlling a disease
  • assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease
69
Q

What did John Snow do? What year?

A

1848-1849
- mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
- descriptive epidemiology

70
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do? What year?

A

1846-1848
- showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis
- experimental epidemiology

71
Q

What did Florence Nightingale do? What year?

A

1858
- showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
- analytical epidemiology

72
Q

What is the CDC responsible for?

A
  • collecting and analyzing epidemiological information in the US
  • publishes morbidity and mortality weekly report
73
Q

What is morbidity?

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

74
Q

What is mortality?

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

75
Q

What are notifiable infectious diseases?

A

diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence

76
Q

What is morbidity rate?

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

77
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

78
Q

What are blood cultures grown on?

A

mannitol-salt agar
- coagulase-positive
- gram-positive cocci

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

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