Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the adaptive immunity?

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary and secondary response for adaptive immunity?

A
  • primary: first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
  • secondary: later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

1) humoral immunity
2) cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules (antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are b cells? What type of immunity are they involved in?

A
  • lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow
  • recognize antigens and makes antibodies
  • humoral immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are interleukins? (ILs)

A

cytokines between leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are chemokines?

A

induce migration of leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are interferons? (IFNs)

A

interfere with viral infections of host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are tumor necrosis factor alpha? (TNF-alpha)

A

involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are hematopoietic cytokines?

A

control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does overproduction of cytokines lead to?

A

cytokine storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are antigens?

A

substance that triggers an immune response by being recognized as foreign by the immune system
- substance that cause the production of antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an antibody?

A

protein produced by the immune system (by B cells) in response to an antigen, designed to bind to and neutralize or mark the antigen for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do antibodies interact with?

A

epitopes, antigenic determinants
- on the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are haptens?

A

antigens too small to provoke immune responses and attach to carrier molecules

17
Q

What are immunoglobulins? (Ig)

A

globular proteins

18
Q

What does valence mean in antibodies?

A

number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody

19
Q

What does a 4-protein antibody chain look like?

A

2 identical light chains + 2 identical heavy chains joined by disulfide links
- variable regions at the ends of the arms to bind epitopes
- constant region is the stem (identical for a particular Ig class)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of IgG?

A
  • monomer
  • 80% serum antibodies
  • in the blood, lymph, intestine
21
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A
  • crosses the placenta
  • protect the fetus
  • triggers complement
  • enhances phagocytosis
  • neutralizes toxins and viruses
22
Q

What are the characteristics of IgM?

A
  • pentamer made of five monomers held with a J chain
  • 6% of serum antibodies
  • remains in blood vessels
  • first response to an infection, short-lived
23
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

causes clumping of cells and viruses

24
Q

What are the characteristics of IgA?

A
  • monomer in serum
  • dimer in secretions
  • 13% of serum antibodies
  • common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk
25
What is the function of IgA?
prevents microbial attachment to mucous membranes
26
What are the characteristics of IgD?
- monomer - 0.02% of serum antibodies - structure similar to IgG - in blood, in lymph, and on B cells
27
What is the function of IgD?
- no well-defined function - assists in the immune response on B cells
28
What are the characteristics of IgE?
- monomer - 0.002% of serum antibodies - on mast cells, on basophils, in blood
29
What is the function of IgE?
cause the release of histamines when bound to antigens - lysis of parasitic worms
30
What is the function of the major histocompatibility complex?
- the genes encode molecules on the cell surface - Class 1: membrane of nucleated animal cells - Class 2: surface of antigen-presenting cells (also B cells)
31
How do antibody-producing cells go through clonal expansion?
- inactive b cells contain surface Ig that bind to antigen - B cell internalizes and processes antigen - antigen fragments are displayed on MHC class II molecules - T helper cell contacts the displayed antigen fragment and releases cytokines that active B cells - B cell undergoes proliferation
32
What does clonal selection differentiate activated B cells into?
- antibody-producing plasma cells - memory cells
33
What is clonal deletion?
eliminates harmful B cells
34
What are t-dependent antigens?
antigen that requires a helper-T cell to produce antibodies
35
What do t-independent antigens do?
- stimulates B cell without the help of T cells - provokes a weak immune response to produce IgM - no memory cells generated
36
What are the results of the antigen-antibody interaction?
- antigen-antibody complex forms - protects the host by tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction = agglutination = opsonization = antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity = neutralization = activation of the complement system
37
What is affinity?
strength of the bonds