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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

science of classifying organisms
- degrees of similarity between organisms

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2
Q

What is systematics or phylogeny?

A

study of evolutionary history of organisms

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3
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus do in 1735?

A
  • basis for biological classification
    Kingdom -> class -> order
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4
Q

What did Charles Darwin do in 1895?

A

developed phylogenetic tree that represents evolutionary relationships

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5
Q

What does the phylogenetic tree tell us?

A

grouping organisms by common properties
- common ancestor

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of bacteria?

A
  • simple unicellular organisms
  • unique cell walls
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of archaea?

A
  • unicellular organisms with distinct genetics
  • unique membrane lipids and ribosomal RNA sequences
  • can live in extreme environments
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9
Q

What are some properties of eukarya?

A
  • cells with DNA in a separated nucleus
  • exist in animals, plants, fungi
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10
Q

Where is the origin of eukaryotes?

A

infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes to form complex internal structures

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11
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic relationships with free-living bacteria engulfed by early eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

What is a taxonomic hierarchy?

A

developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals
- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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13
Q

What is the eukaryotic species?

A

group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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14
Q

What does binomial nomenclature have?

A

genus and specific epithet (species)

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15
Q

What is proper nomenclature formatting?

A

1) Genus capital
2) species lower case
3) Italicized or underlined
- Enterococcus faecalis
- E. faecalis

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16
Q

How are prokaryotic species classified?

A
  • culture: bacteria grown in lab
  • clone: population of cells derived from single parent cell
  • strain: genetically different cells within a clone
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17
Q

What is protista?

A

catchall kingdom for organisms
- both autotrophic and heterotrophic
- grouped into clades based on rRNA

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18
Q

What is fungi?

A
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • uni/multicellular
  • chitin cell walls
  • develop from spores or hyphal fragments
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19
Q

What are plantae?

A
  • multicellular
  • cellulose cell walls
  • photosynthesis
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20
Q

What are animalia?

A
  • multicellular
  • no cell walls
  • chemoheterotrophic
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21
Q

Why can’t viruses be classified?

A

not composed of cells
- requires a host cell

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22
Q

What are viral species?

A

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

23
Q

Differentiate between classification and identification.

A

Classification: grouping of related species
Identification: matching characteristics of an unknown to a list of known organisms

24
Q

What is Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology?

A

Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

25
Q

What are morphological characteristics?

A

used for identifying prokaryotes and eukaryotes

26
Q

What is differential staining for?

A

identifying bacteria with cell walls

27
Q

What is transport media?

A

used to collect and transport pathogens to a laboratory

28
Q

What are biochemical tests used for?

A

to determine presence of bacterial enzymes

29
Q

What are the 3 morphologies for protist and bacteria?

A

cocci
bacilli
spirillium

30
Q

What are the grouping prefixes?

A

diplo: double
strepto: chain
staphylo: cluster

31
Q

What is a clade?

A

group of organisms with one common ancestor and all its descendants

32
Q

How are clades formed?

A

based on shared evolutionary traits

33
Q

What is gram stain? What do the results tell us?

A

differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure
- gram positive: thick peptidoglycan layer (purple)
- gram negative: thin peptidoglycan layer (pink/red)

34
Q

What is endospore stain? What do the results tell us?

A

identifies bacteria that produce endospores
- endospores = green
- cell is pink/red

35
Q

What is capsule stain? What does it show us?

A

detects presence of capsule
- capsule = clear halo around the cell

36
Q

What is acid-fast stain? What does it show us?

A

Identifies bacteria with waxy cell wall
- acid-fast bacteria = red
- non-acid-fast bacteria = blue

37
Q

What is carbohydrate fermentation test? What does it indicate?

A

whether bacteria can ferment specific sugars to produce acid and gas
- indicates acid and gas production

38
Q

What is serology?

A

study of serum and immune responses in serum

39
Q

What happens in antiserum?

A

solution of antibodies are tested against an unknown bacteria

40
Q

What happens in a slide agglutination test?

A

bacteria stick together when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

41
Q

What is the purpose of serological testing?

A

differentiate between species and strains within species

42
Q

What is ELISA?
(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

A

a test used to identify unknown bacterium using known antibodies

43
Q

What is western blotting? What does it confirm?

A

identifies antibodies in a patient’s serum
- confirms HIV and Lyme disease

44
Q

What is phage typing used for?

A

to determine which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

45
Q

What is DNA fingerprint? How does it give us genetic information?

A
  • Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism’s DNA
  • compares fragments from ladder and different organisms to find the match
46
Q

What are the equations for DNA base pairing?

A

CG + AT = 100%
C = G
A = T

47
Q

What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?

A

ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organisms

48
Q

What is the relationship of hybridization to relatedness?

A

greater degree of hybridization = greater degree of relatedness
- >70% hybridization = same species

49
Q

What is NAATs? (nucleic acid amplification tests)

A

to amplify DNA of an unknown that cannot be cultured

50
Q

How does PCR work?

A

1) heat to separate strands
2) strands combine
3) cool for renaturation
4) determine degree of hybridization

51
Q

What is a DNA chip?

A

contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between probe and DNA in the sample

52
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A

identification keys based on successive questions

53
Q

What are cladograms?

A

maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms based on rRNA sequences

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

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