Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What was Robert Hooke’s experiment? What year?

A

1665
- observed little boxes (cells) on a cork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of cells
- basic structural and functional units of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek contribute?

A

observed live microorganisms through magnification
- made 400 microscopes in 50 years
- “animalcule:” microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

living organisms can arise from non-living matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was Francesco Redi’s experiment? What year?

A

1668
- placed decaying meat in jars covered with gauze AND uncovered jars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Francesco Redi observe?

A

Maggots appeared in uncovered jars but not in the ones that are covered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Francesco Redi’s conclusion?

A

Maggots came from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was John Needham’s experiment? What year?

A

1745
- boiled broth and sealed it in flasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was John Needham’s observation?

A

Microorganisms appeared after a few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was John Needham’s conclusion?

A

Microbes developed in liquid = spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment? What year?

A

1768
- boiled broth IN sealed flasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s observation?

A

no microorganisms appeared unless seal was broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s conclusion?

A

Air has organisms
- disproved spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Did Rudolf Virchow believe in spontaneous generation?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

life arises only from pre-existing life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment? What year?

A

1861
- boiled broth in flasks with different openings to show that only open flasks became contaminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

prevents contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is fermentation? Who established the idea?

A

Louis Pasteur
- converts sugars into alcohol
- disproved spontaneous fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pasteurization? Who established the idea?

A

Louis Pasteur
- process to heat liquids to kill harmful microorganisms without affecting quality
- reducing spoilage and disease transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do in 1864?

A

proposed that microorganisms cause infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is germ theory?

A

microorganisms can cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Robert Koch do? What year?

A

1876
- developed Koch’s Postulates
- link between specific microbes and specific diseases
- Bacillus anthracis:: anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When were first vaccines developed? By who?

A

1885
- Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did the first vaccines prove?

A

Weakened or inactivated pathogens induce immunity and prevent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich develop?

A

Salvarsan
- first antimicrobial drug to treat syphilis
- breakthrough for era of synthetic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Alexander Fleming do?
What year?

A

1928
- discovered penicillin from mold Penicillium notatum
- first true antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What did Selman Waksman discover? What year?

A

1944
- streptomycin
- first antibiotic against tuberculosis
- influencing treatment of bacterial diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

study of bacterial pathogens
- improved diagnostic techniques

29
Q

What is mycology?

A

study of fungi and their roles in diseases and treatment

30
Q

What is parasitology?

A

Study of parasites
- improving diagnosis and treatment

31
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of immune system

32
Q

What is virology?

A

study of virus structure, replication, and pathogenicity

33
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover? What year?

A

1953
- double-helix structure of DNA
- techniques for manipulating DNA

34
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

all microorganisms in an environment

35
Q

What are normal microbiota?

A

microorganisms that are normally found in specific environments without causing harm

36
Q

What is an example of normal microbiome?

A
  • bacteria in the gut
  • skin flora
37
Q

What are transient microbiota?

A

temporary microorganisms

38
Q

What are some examples of transient microbiota?

A

Those picked up from contaminated surfaces or from the environment or other individuals

39
Q

What are pathogenic microbiota?

A

microorganisms that can cause disease under certain conditions

40
Q

What are examples of pathogenic microbiota?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli

41
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

cells without membrane-bound nucleus

42
Q

What are bacteria?

A

single-celled organisms with no nucleus

43
Q

What are archaea?

A

Similar to bacteria but with distinct genetic and biochemical differences

44
Q

What are 2 examples of archaea?

A

Methanogens
- produce methane in the gut
Thermophiles
- heat loving microorganisms in hot springs

45
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Cells with DNA in membrane-bound nucleus

46
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi?

A

eukaryotic organisms that can be uni/multicellular
- play roles in decomposition

47
Q

What are some examples of fungi?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida

48
Q

What are some characteristics of protozoa?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes that can move, found in many environments, can be parasitic or free-living

49
Q

What are some examples of protozoa?

A

Amoeba
Plasmodium

50
Q

What are some characteristics of algae?

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular, important for oxygen production

51
Q

What are some examples of algae?

A

Chlorella
Diatoms

52
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

convert sunlight into energy and produces oxygen and organic compounds

53
Q

What are decomposers?

A

compost and breakdown organic matter into simpler compounds

54
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for growth

55
Q

What bacteria is in yogurt, a fermented food? What are the benefits?

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
- improves digestion and extending shelf life

56
Q

What bacteria is in cheese? What are the benefits?

A

Lactococcus lactis and Penicillium camemberti
- aid in fermentation and flavor development

57
Q

How does waste treatment work?

A

1) Composting: uses microbial communities (like bacteria and fungi) to decompose organic matter into compost, enriching soil and recycling waste
2) Sewage treatment: removing harmful materials and using beneficial microbes, focuses on suspended solids

58
Q

How does bioremediation work?

A

Oil Spill Cleanup - Alcanivorax borkumensis breaks down hydrocarbons in oil spills

59
Q

What bacteria improves soil health?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- Rhizobium
- Azotobacter

60
Q

What bacteria is a biopesticide?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis
- controls insect pests without harmful chemicals

61
Q

What do probiotics contain? What are the benefits?

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
- helps maintain healthy gut microbiome, support digestion, boost immune system

62
Q

What are biofilms?

A

complex aggregation of microbes

63
Q

What is the role of biofilms?

A

impact health and industrial processes

64
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

pathogens invade a susceptible host

65
Q

What are the roles of pathogenic microbiomes?

A

develop and progress infectious diseases

66
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A

new/changing infectious diseases that are increasing in incidence

67
Q

What is the role of influenza?

A

cause seasonal outbreaks and pandemics

68
Q

How do antibiotic-resistant infections affect the public?

A

brings significant challenges to treatment

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions