Lecture 1 Flashcards by Joanne Huynh

What was Robert Hooke’s experiment? What year?

1665
- observed little boxes (cells) on a cork

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What is cell theory?

all living things are composed of cells
- basic structural and functional units of life

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What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek contribute?

observed live microorganisms through magnification
- made 400 microscopes in 50 years
- “animalcule:” microbes

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What is spontaneous generation?

living organisms can arise from non-living matter

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What was Francesco Redi’s experiment? What year?

1668
- placed decaying meat in jars covered with gauze AND uncovered jars

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What did Francesco Redi observe?

Maggots appeared in uncovered jars but not in the ones that are covered

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What was Francesco Redi’s conclusion?

Maggots came from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation

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What was John Needham’s experiment? What year?

1745
- boiled broth and sealed it in flasks

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What was John Needham’s observation?

Microorganisms appeared after a few days

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What was John Needham’s conclusion?

Microbes developed in liquid = spontaneous generation

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What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment? What year?

1768
- boiled broth IN sealed flasks

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What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s observation?

no microorganisms appeared unless seal was broken

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What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s conclusion?

Air has organisms
- disproved spontaneous generation

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Did Rudolf Virchow believe in spontaneous generation?

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What is biogenesis?

life arises only from pre-existing life

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What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment? What year?

1861
- boiled broth in flasks with different openings to show that only open flasks became contaminated

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What is aseptic technique?

prevents contamination

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What is fermentation? Who established the idea?

Louis Pasteur
- converts sugars into alcohol
- disproved spontaneous fermentation

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What is pasteurization? Who established the idea?

Louis Pasteur
- process to heat liquids to kill harmful microorganisms without affecting quality
- reducing spoilage and disease transmission

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What did Louis Pasteur do in 1864?

proposed that microorganisms cause infectious diseases

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What is germ theory?

microorganisms can cause disease

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What did Robert Koch do? What year?

1876
- developed Koch’s Postulates
- link between specific microbes and specific diseases
- Bacillus anthracis:: anthrax

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When were first vaccines developed? By who?

1885
- Louis Pasteur

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What did the first vaccines prove?

Weakened or inactivated pathogens induce immunity and prevent disease

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What did Paul Ehrlich develop?

Salvarsan - first antimicrobial drug to treat syphilis - breakthrough for era of synthetic drugs

What did Alexander Fleming do? What year?

1928 - discovered penicillin from mold Penicillium notatum - first true antibiotic

What did Selman Waksman discover? What year?

1944 - streptomycin - first antibiotic against tuberculosis - influencing treatment of bacterial diseases

What is bacteriology?

study of bacterial pathogens - improved diagnostic techniques

What is mycology?

study of fungi and their roles in diseases and treatment

What is parasitology?

Study of parasites - improving diagnosis and treatment

What is immunology?

Study of immune system

What is virology?

study of virus structure, replication, and pathogenicity

What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover? What year?

1953 - double-helix structure of DNA - techniques for manipulating DNA

What is a microbiome?

all microorganisms in an environment

What are normal microbiota?

microorganisms that are normally found in specific environments without causing harm

What is an example of normal microbiome?

- bacteria in the gut - skin flora

What are transient microbiota?

temporary microorganisms

What are some examples of transient microbiota?

Those picked up from contaminated surfaces or from the environment or other individuals

What are pathogenic microbiota?

microorganisms that can cause disease under certain conditions

What are examples of pathogenic microbiota?

Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli

What are prokaryotes?

cells without membrane-bound nucleus

What are bacteria?

single-celled organisms with no nucleus

What are archaea?

Similar to bacteria but with distinct genetic and biochemical differences

What are 2 examples of archaea?

Methanogens - produce methane in the gut Thermophiles - heat loving microorganisms in hot springs

What are eukaryotes?

Cells with DNA in membrane-bound nucleus

What are some characteristics of fungi?

eukaryotic organisms that can be uni/multicellular - play roles in decomposition

What are some examples of fungi?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida

What are some characteristics of protozoa?

Unicellular eukaryotes that can move, found in many environments, can be parasitic or free-living

What are some examples of protozoa?

Amoeba Plasmodium

What are some characteristics of algae?

Photosynthetic eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular, important for oxygen production

What are some examples of algae?

Chlorella Diatoms

What is photosynthesis?

convert sunlight into energy and produces oxygen and organic compounds

What are decomposers?

compost and breakdown organic matter into simpler compounds

What is nitrogen fixation?

convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for growth

What bacteria is in yogurt, a fermented food? What are the benefits?

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium - improves digestion and extending shelf life

What bacteria is in cheese? What are the benefits?

Lactococcus lactis and Penicillium camemberti - aid in fermentation and flavor development

How does waste treatment work?

1) Composting: uses microbial communities (like bacteria and fungi) to decompose organic matter into compost, enriching soil and recycling waste 2) Sewage treatment: removing harmful materials and using beneficial microbes, focuses on suspended solids

How does bioremediation work?

Oil Spill Cleanup - Alcanivorax borkumensis breaks down hydrocarbons in oil spills

What bacteria improves soil health?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria - Rhizobium - Azotobacter

What bacteria is a biopesticide?

Bacillus thuringiensis - controls insect pests without harmful chemicals

What do probiotics contain? What are the benefits?

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium - helps maintain healthy gut microbiome, support digestion, boost immune system

What are biofilms?

complex aggregation of microbes

What is the role of biofilms?

impact health and industrial processes

What are infectious diseases?

pathogens invade a susceptible host

What are the roles of pathogenic microbiomes?

develop and progress infectious diseases

What are emerging infectious diseases?

new/changing infectious diseases that are increasing in incidence

What is the role of influenza?

cause seasonal outbreaks and pandemics

How do antibiotic-resistant infections affect the public?

brings significant challenges to treatment