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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

infection by droplet nuclei in dust
- 1 meter from the host
- sneezing and coughing

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2
Q

What bacteria are in dust particles?

A
  • staphylococci
  • streptococci
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3
Q

How does the normal microbiota suppress pathogens of the respiratory system?

A

competing for nutrients and producing inhibitory substances

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4
Q

Which part of the respiratory system is nearly sterile?

A

lower part

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5
Q

What is part of the upper respiratory system?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • middle ear
  • eustachian tubes
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6
Q

What protects mucosal surfaces in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • saliva
  • tears
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7
Q

What are some examples of microbial diseases in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • pharyngitis: sore throat
  • laryngitis
  • tonsillitis
  • sinusitis
  • epiglottitis
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8
Q

Which is the most life-threatening disease of the upper respiratory system?

A

epiglottitis

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9
Q

What are some examples of the common cold?

A

over 200 different kinds
- rhinoviruses (30-50%)
- coronavirus (10-15%)
- enterovirus D68

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10
Q

What are symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • sneezing
  • nasal secretion
  • congestion
  • no fever
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11
Q

What can the common cold lead to?

A

laryngitis and otitis media

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12
Q

How can the common cold be cured?

A

NOT with antibiotics
- cough suppressants
- antihistamines

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13
Q

What is streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) caused by?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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14
Q

What is scarlet fever caused by?

A

streptococcus pyogenes produces erythrogenic toxin
- follow strep throat

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15
Q

What causes measles?

A

measles virus

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16
Q

What causes rubella?

A

rubella virus

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17
Q

What causes smallpox?

A

variola virus
- mostly systemic but can affect respiratory

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18
Q

What causes pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

bordetella pertussis

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19
Q

What causes influenza?

A

influenza virus
- start in upper respiratory and progresses

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20
Q

What is diphtheria caused by?

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

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21
Q

What is chicken pox caused by?

A

varicella-zoster virus
- can also affect lower respiratory

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22
Q

What causes shingles?

A

reactivation of varicella-zoster virus

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23
Q

What are characteristics of streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • resistant to phagocytosis
  • streptokinases lyse clots
  • streptolysins are cytotoxic
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24
Q

What are symptoms of strep throat?

A
  • local inflammation
  • fever
  • tonsillitis
  • enlarged lymph nodes
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25
Q

How can strep throat be diagnosed?

A

rapid antigen detection tests

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26
Q

What is lysogeny?

A

strain is infected by bacteriophage
- integrates its genetic material

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27
Q

What are symptoms of scarlet fevr?

A
  • pinkish-red skin rash
  • high fever
  • strawberry-like tongue
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28
Q

What is treatment of scarlet fever?

A

antibiotics to prevent rheumatic fever to prevent the later development of rheumatic fever

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29
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A
  • cold-like
  • macular rash
  • Koplik’s spots (red spots on oral mucosa opposite the molars)
  • can turn into encephalitis or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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30
Q

How can measles be prevented?

A

MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine

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31
Q

Who can’t get the MMR vaccine?

A
  • children under 1 years old
  • pregnant woman
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32
Q

What is another name for rubella?

A

german measles

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33
Q

How is rubella transmitted?

A

respiratory route
- 2 to 3 week incubation

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34
Q

What is congenital rubella syndrome?

A
  • fetal damage
  • deafness
  • heart defects
  • mental retardation in 35% of cases
  • 15% mortality within first year of life
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35
Q

How can rubella be prevented?

A

MMR vaccine

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36
Q

What are the 2 forms of smallpox?

A
  • variola major (20-60% mortality)
  • variola minor (<1% mortality)
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37
Q

How is smallpox transmitted?

A
  • respiratory route
  • moves into bloodstream
  • infects skin
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38
Q

How is smallpox prevented?

A

vaccines

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39
Q

What are characteristics of monkeypox?

A

endemic to small animals in Africa
- related to smallpox
- jumps from animals to humans

40
Q

How is monkeypox prevented?

A

smallpox vaccine

41
Q

What is otitis media?

A

infection of middle ear
- formation of pus puts pressure on eardrum

42
Q

What are causes of otitis media?

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae
  • moraxella catarrhalis
  • streptococcus pyogenes
  • respiratory syncytial viruses
43
Q

How can otitis media be treated?

A

broad-spectrum penicillins

44
Q

What is part of the lower respiratory system?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tubes
  • alveoli
45
Q

What destroys microorganisms in the lungs?

A

alveolar macrophages

46
Q

What protects mucosal surfaces?

A

respiratory mucus

47
Q

What is typical pneumonia caused by?

A

s. pneumoniae

48
Q

What is atypical pneumonia caused by?

A

other microorganisms

49
Q

What does lobar pneumonia infect?

A

lobes of the lungs

50
Q

What does bronchopneumonia infect?

A

alveoli adjacent to the lungs

51
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

pleural membranes inflamed

52
Q

What is pneumococcal pneumonia caused by?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae
- gram-positive
- encapsulated diplococci

53
Q

What are symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

infected alveoli of the lung fill with fluids and RBCs
- interferes with oxygen uptake

54
Q

How can pneumococcal pneumonia be diagnosed?

A
  • optochin-inhibition test
  • bile solubility test
  • presence of capsular antigen in urine
55
Q

How can pneumococcal pneumonia be treated?

A

macrolides

56
Q

How can pneumococcal pneumonia be prevented?

A

conjugated pneumococcal vaccine

57
Q

What is haemophilus influenzae pneumonia caused by?

A

gram-negative coccobacillus

58
Q

What is the risk group of haemophilus influenzae pneumonia?

A
  • children under 5
  • adults over 65
59
Q

How can haemophilus influenzae pneumonia be prevented?

A

Hib vaccine

60
Q

How can haemophilus influenzae pneumonia be diagnosed?

A

isolation on special media for nutritional requirements (X and V factors)

61
Q

How can haemophilus influenzae pneumonia be treated?

A

cephalosporins

62
Q

What are the symptoms of haemophilus influenzae pneumonia similar to?

A

those of pneumococcal pneumonia

63
Q

What is another name for mycoplasmal pneumonia?

A

primary atypical pneumonia
- walking pneumonia

64
Q

What is mycoplasmal pneumonia caused by?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae
- no cell wall

65
Q

What are symptoms of mycoplasmal pneumonia?

A

mild but persistent respiratory symptoms
- low fever
- cough
- headache

66
Q

How can mycoplasmal pneumonia be diagnosed?

A

PCR

67
Q

How can mycoplasmal pneumonia be treated?

A

tetracyclines

68
Q

What bacteria causes moraxella catarrhalis?

A

gram-negative diplococcus

69
Q

What are symptoms of moraxella catarrhalis?

A
  • cough
  • increased sputum production
  • wheezing
70
Q

What can moraxella catarrhalis lead to?

A
  • otitis media
  • sinusitis
71
Q

What are the risk groups of moraxella catarrhalis?

A

common in:
- children with otitis media
- adults with COPD
- those with weakened immune systems

72
Q

How can moraxella catarrhalis be diagnosed?

A
  • cultured on blood or chocolate agar
  • oxidase-positive and produces characteristic “hockey-puck” colony movements
73
Q

How can moraxella catarrhalis be treated?

A
  • amoxicillin-clavulanate
  • second/third-gen cephalosporins
    = beta-lactamase production
74
Q

How can viral pneumonia occur?

A

complication of influenza, measles, chickenpox

75
Q

What is the most common viral respiratory disease in infants and life-threatening pneumonia in older adults?

A

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

76
Q

What does RSV cause in cell cultures?

A

cell fusion
- synctium

77
Q

What are symptoms of RSV?

A

coughing and wheezing for more than a week

78
Q

How can RSV be diagnosed?

A

serological test for viruses and antibodies

79
Q

How can RSV be treated?

A

palivizumab

80
Q

What is another name for coccidioidomycosis?

A

Valley fever
- San Joaquin fever

81
Q

What is coccidioidomycosis caused by?

A

coccidioides immitis
- dimorphic fungus

82
Q

What are symptoms of coccidioidomycosis?

A
  • fever
  • coughing
  • weight loss
83
Q

How can coccidioidomycosis be treated?

A
  • fluconazole
  • itraconazole
84
Q

What is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by?

A

pneumocystis jirovecii

85
Q

What is PCP the primary indicator for?

A

AIDS

86
Q

Where is PCP found?

A

lining of the alveoli
- forms a cyst
- cyst ruptures = releases 8 trophozoites

87
Q

How can PCP be treated?

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

88
Q

What does streptococcus pyogenes look like?

A

gram-positive cocci in chains

89
Q

What is another name for streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Group A streptococcus

90
Q

How can streptococcus pyogenes be diagnosed?

A

beta-hemolytic on blood agar
- sensitive to bacitracin
- rapid antigen tests available for strep throat

91
Q

How can streptococcus pyogenes be treated?

A

penicillin
- clindamycin or erythromycin if allergic

92
Q

What does aspergillus fumigatus cause?

A

aspergillosis

93
Q

What are the characteristics of aspergillus fumigatus?

A

airborne conidia
- grows in compost piles

94
Q

What kind of fungi are rhizopus and mucor?

A

mold spores

95
Q

What is the history of bioweapons?

A

1346: plague-ridden bodies used by the tartar army during the siege of kaffa
- spread to the rest of Europe causing Black Death
18th century: smallpox-contaminated blankets used against Native Americans during French and Indian war
1937-1945: plague-carrying flea bombs used in sino-japanese war

96
Q

What new technologies have been made to identify bioweapons?

A
  • DNA chips
  • recombinant cells
  • pro strips rapid screening systems

Medical Microbiology (21 decks)

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