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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When do immunological disorders occur?

A

when the immune system malfunctions
- overreacting
- underreacting
- attacking the body’s own tissues

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2
Q

What are hypersensitivities?

A

exaggerated immune responses to harmless substances
- antigenic response beyond normal
- occurs when sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen
- allergies
- asthma

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3
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

immune system attacks self
- lupus
- rheumatoid arthritis

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4
Q

What are immunodeficiencies?

A

failure to protect against infections
- HIV/AIDS
- SCID
- IgA deficiency

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5
Q

What is the study of hypersensitivity reaction called?

A

immunopathology

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A
  • anaphylactic
  • cytotoxic
  • immune complex
  • delayed cell-mediated
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7
Q

What is anaphylactic reaction?

A
  • immediate and occurs minutes after a person sensitized to an antigen is re-exposed to that antigen
  • antigens combine with IgE antibodies
  • IgE attaches to mast cells and basophils, which undergo degranulation to release mediators
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8
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

increases permeability of blood capillaries

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9
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes?

A

cause prolonged contraction of smooth muscles

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10
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

affect smooth muscle and increase mucus secretion

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11
Q

What is systemic anaphylaxis? What is it treated with?

A

anaphylactic shock
- results when an individual sensitized to an antigen is exposed to it again
- may result in circulatory collapse and death
- treated with epinephrine

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12
Q

What is localized anaphylaxis? Give examples.

A
  • usually associated with ingested or inhaled antigens
  • symptoms depend on route of entry
  • hives, fever, asthma
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13
Q

What is desensitization therapy?

A

increasing dosages of antigen injected beneath the skin
- produces IgG, which act as blocking antibodies to intercept and neutralize antigens

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14
Q

What is cytotoxic reaction?

A
  • activation of complement by the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with an antigenic cell (macrophages causes cell lysis or damage)
  • ABO blood group system (antibodies form against certain carbohydrates antigens on RBCs
    = type O RBCs have no antigens
  • Rh blood group system
  • drug-induced cytotoxic reactions
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15
Q

What is the Rh blood group system?

A
  • Rh factor antigen found on RBCs of 85% of the population
  • Rh+ blood to a Rh- recipient can stimulate anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient
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16
Q

What is HDNB?

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus causes the mother to produce anti-Rh antibodies
- second Rh+ fetus will receive anti-Rh antibodies, damaging fetal RBCs

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17
Q

What is thrombocytopenic purpura?

A
  • platelets combine with drugs, forming a complex that is antigenic
  • antibody and complement destroy platelets
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18
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

drug-induced immune destruction of granulocytes

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19
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

drug-induced immune destruction of RBCs

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20
Q

How do type III reactions work?

A

1) immune complexes are deposited in wall of blood vessel
2) presence of immune complexes activates complement and attracts inflammatory cells
3) enzymes released from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cells of basement membrane

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21
Q

When can serum sickness occur?

A

injection of foreign serum
- swelling and inflammation

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22
Q

What is arthus reaction?

A

rare side effect of toxoid containing vaccines
- occurs in glomeruli and other vessel walls due to complement activation

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23
Q

When do antibodies form?

A

against soluble antigens in the serum

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24
Q

What is the overall purpose of the immune complex?

A

lodges in the basement membranes beneath the cells
- activates complement, causing inflammation

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25
Q

What is type IV reactions?

A

delayed cell-mediated

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26
Q

What is delayed hypersensitivity?

A

cell-mediated immune responses caused by T cells

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27
Q

What happens to antigens in delayed cell-mediated?

A

phagocytized and presented to receptors on T cells, causing sensitization

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28
Q

What happens to reexposure to antigens in delayed cell-mediated reactions?

A

causes memory cells to releases destructive cytokines

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29
Q

What is allergic contact dermatitis?

A
  • haptens combine with proteins in the skin, producing an immune response
  • allergic response to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals, latex
30
Q

What is the time limit for each type of reaction?

A

type 1: less than 30 minutes
type 2: 5-12 hours
type 3: 3-8 hours
type 4: 24-48 hours

31
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

loss of self-tolerance
- ability to discriminate self from nonself

32
Q

What type of reaction is multiple sclerosis?

A

typer 2 cytotoxic autoimmune reactions

33
Q

What happens to the nerves during multiple sclerosis?

A
  • autoantibodies, t cells, macrophages attack myelin sheath of nerves
  • compromises nerve impulse transduction
34
Q

What are symptoms for multiple sclerosis?

A

fatigue and weakness to severe paralysis

35
Q

What type of autoimmune reaction is graves’ disease?

A

type 3 immune complex autoimmune reactions

36
Q

What causes graves’ disease?

A

abnormal antibodies in the thyroid produce excessive amounts of hormones
- hyperthyroidism

37
Q

What type of autoimmune reaction is myasthenia gravis?

A

type 3 immune complex autoimmune reactions

38
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

antibodies coat acetylcholine receptors
- muscles fail to receive nerve signals

39
Q

What autoimmune reaction is systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

type 3 immune complex autoimmune reactions

40
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

butterfly rash
- immune complexes form in the kidney glomeruli

41
Q

What autoimmune reaction is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

type 3 immune complex autoimmune reactions

42
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

immune complexes form in the joints

43
Q

What autoimmune reaction is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

type 4 cell-mediated autoimmune reactions

44
Q

What is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

t cell destruction of insulin-secreting cells

45
Q

What type of autoimmune reaction is psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis?

A

type 4 cell-mediated autoimmune reactions

46
Q

What is psoiasis?

A

autoimmune disorders of the skin

47
Q

What are some autoimmune reactions to transplantation?

A
  • histocompatibility antigens: self antigens on cell surfaces
  • major histocompatibility complex: genes encoding histocompatibility antigens
  • human leukocyte antigen complex: MHC genes in humans
    = certain HLAs are related to increased susceptibility to specific diseases
48
Q

How does human leukocyte antigen complex work?

A
  • identifies and compares HLAs
  • donor and recipient must be matched by tissue typing
  • uses standardized antisera or monoclonal antibodies specific for HLAs
49
Q

What are privileged sites and privileged tissues?

A

don’t cause immune response
- cornea transplants
- heart valve transplants

50
Q

Why do we use privileged sites?

A

transplants may be attacked by t cells, macrophages, and complement fixing antibodies

51
Q

What are stem cells?

A

master cells capable of renewing themselves and differentiating into organ-specific specialized cells

52
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A
  • harvested from blastocysts
  • used to regenerate tissues and organs
  • can generate all types of cells (pluripotent)
53
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A
  • stem cells in adult tissues that have differentiated
  • can become induced pluripotent stem cells by introducing genes
54
Q

What are bone marrow transplants known as?

A

hematopoietic stem cell transplants

55
Q

What is the goal of bone marrow transplants?

A

enables recipient to produce healthy blood cells

56
Q

What causes graft-versus-host disease?

A

transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells

57
Q

What is autograft?

A

use of one’s own tissue

58
Q

What is isograft?

A

use of identical twin’s tissue

59
Q

What is allografts?

A

use of tissue from another person

60
Q

What is xenotransplantation product?

A

use of nonhuman tissue
- must overcome hyperacute rejection (response to nonhuman antigens)

61
Q

How can immunosuppression work to prevent transplant rejection?

A
  • prevents a cell-mediated immune response to transplanted tissues
  • cyclosporine and tacrolimus suppress IL-2, disrupting cytotoxic T cells
  • sirolimus inhibits cellular and humoral immunity
  • mycophenolate inhibits the proliferation of T cells and B cells
62
Q

What blocks IL-2?

A

basiliximab
- chimeric monoclonal antibody

63
Q

How are cancer cells removed?

A

immune surveillance

64
Q

What lyses cancer cells?

A
  • CTLs (activated Tc cells)
  • macrophages
65
Q

What are limitations to the immune system when fighting cancer?

A
  • no antigenic epitope for the immune system to target
  • tumor cells reproduce too rapidly
  • tumor becomes vascularized and invisible to the immune system
66
Q

How does immunotherapy for cancer work?

A
  • endotoxins from bacteria stimulate TNF that interferes with the blood supply of cancers
  • vaccines used for prophylaxis (cervical, anal, throat cancer [HPV], liver cancer)
  • monoclonal antibodies (herceptin for breast cancer, immunotoxin combines a Mab with a toxic agent)
67
Q

What is congenital immunodeficiencies?

A

due to defective or missing genes

68
Q

What is selective IgA deficiency?

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • recurrent respiratory or GI infections
  • increased risk of autoimmune diseases or allergies
  • laboratory diagnosis low or absent serum, with normal levels of other immunoglobulins
69
Q

What is acquired immunodeficiencies?

A

develop during an individual’s life
- due to drugs, cancers, infection

70
Q

How do acquired immunodeficiencies occur due to drugs?

A
  • corticosteroids
    = suppresses immune responses by reducing inflammation and impairing t-cell function
71
Q

How do acquired immunodeficiencies occur due to cancers?

A
  • leukemias and lymphomas
    = cancers of the blood and lymphatic systems impair the production and function of white blood cells
72
Q

How do acquired immunodeficiencies occur due to infections?

A
  • HIV/AIDS
    = targets CD4+ t-cells

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

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