Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Robert Hooke discover or develop?

A

Cell Theory: all living things are composed of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover or develop?

A

microscopes
- animalcule
- spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Francesco Redi discover or develop?

A

Maggots come from fly eggs not spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did John Needham discover or develop?

A

Microbes develop from liquid to prove spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani discover or develop?

A

life only appears when it’s exposed to air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow discover or develop?

A

biogenesis: life arises only from pre-existing life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover or develop?

A

Aseptic Technique: preventing contamination
- fermentation
- pasteurization
- germ theory: microorganisms cause disease
- first vaccines for rabies and anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Robert Koch discover or develop?

A

established link between specific microbes and specific diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Paul Ehrlich discover or develop?

A

Salvarsan
- first synthetic antimicrobial drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover or develop?

A

penicillin from mold Penicillium notatum
- first true antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Selman Waksman discover or develop?

A

discovered streptomycin
- first antibiotic against tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover?

A

double-helix structure of DNA
- genetic engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different microbiomes and their examples?

A

1) Normal microbiota: no harm
- bacteria in the gut, skin flora
2) Transient microbiota: temporary harm
- bacteria picked from environment and contaminated surfaces
3) Pathogenic microbiota: can cause disease
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Escherichia coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the types of microbiomes?

A
  • prokaryotes
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukaryotes
  • fungi
  • protozoa
    -algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the ecological roles of microbiomes?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • decomposers of organic waste
  • nitrogen fixation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are microbiomes used in everyday life?

A
  • fermented foods
  • cheese
  • waste treatment
  • bioremediation
  • soil health
  • biopesticides
  • antibiotics production
  • probiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is valence, and how does it correspond with chemical bonds?

A

combining capacity of an atom or a molecule
- number of empty spaces is how many bonds the atom can form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the different chemical bonds?

A
  • ionic bond
  • covalent bond
  • hydrogen bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the different chemical reactions?

A
  • synthesis reaction
  • decomposition reaction
  • dehydration synthesis: combining molecules by releasing water
  • hydrolysis: breaking a large molecule with water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

small molecules that don’t have carbon and hydrogen
- small, simple molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are common examples of inorganic compounds?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • salts
  • acids/bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is water’s purpose in and outside of a cell?

A

Inside:
- chemical reactions
- facilitates splitting and rejoining of H+ and OH-
Outside:
- dissolves nutrients and facilitates passageways in and out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the different types of organic compounds?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides: quick energy source for living cells
  • disaccharides: structural component for bacterial cell walls
  • polysaccharides: long-term energy source, and structural component for plant cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

cell structure and function
- transporter protein
- enzymes
- antibodies
- bacterial toxins

27
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • simple: alternative source of energy when carbohydrates aren’t available
  • complex: structure and regulation of transport
  • steroids: reduce inflammation
28
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

genetic information

29
Q

What are each of the organic compounds building blocks?

A
  • carbohydrates: monosaccharides
  • proteins: amino acids
  • lipids: simple lipids
  • nucleic acids: nucleotides
30
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
31
Q

What are the main differences between the 3 domains?

A
  • bacteria: simple single-cell organisms
  • archaea: can live in extreme environments
  • eukarya: cells with DNA inside a separate nucleus
32
Q

What is the theory of the origin of eukaryotes?

A

endosymbiotic theory: plasma membrane of a prokaryote folded inward to form complex internal structures

33
Q

What are the different methods of scientific nomenclature?

A

Binomial nomenclature
- Genus and Specific epithet
- Genus capitalized; species lowercase
- Italicized or underlined
- Enterococcus faecalis

34
Q

Provide details for classification of prokaryotes.

A
  • population of cells with similar characteristics
  • culture: grown in lab media
  • clone: derived from a single parent cell
  • strain: genetically different cells within a clone
35
Q

Provide details for the classification of eukaryotes.

A
  • protista: a catchall kingdom for a bunch of organisms; grouped into clades
  • fungi: chemoheterotrophic; uni/multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
  • plantae: multicellular; cellulose cell walls; photosynthesis
  • animalia: multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
36
Q

Provide details for the classification of viruses.

A
  • unique entities that are not classified within any of the biological domains
  • requires a host cell
37
Q

How can microorganisms be identified?

A
  • classification
  • identification
  • Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
  • Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
  • morphological characteristics
  • differential staining
  • transport media
  • biochemical tests
38
Q

What is the purpose of classification data?

A

to organize and group microorganisms based on their shared characteristics

39
Q

What are the different morphologies of prokaryotes?

A
  • bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped, rectangular
  • diplo, staphyl, strepto, tetrads, sarcinae
40
Q

What is the anatomy of prokaryotes and their key functions?

A
  • no nucleus
  • simple structure
  • single-celled
  • asexually reproduction
  • diverse habitats
41
Q

What are the methods for testing the anatomy of prokaryotes?

A

gram stain
- cell walls (peptidoglycan)
- gram-negative: thin peptidoglycan
- gram-positive: thick peptidoglycan
Acid-fast test
- waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan
- mycoplasmas

42
Q

What are the types of movement across membranes?

A

Passive processes
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
Active processes
- uniport
- antiport
- symport

43
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotes:
- one circular chromosome, in a membrane
- no histones
- no organelles
- bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
- archaea with pseudomurein cell walls
- division by binary fission

eukaryotes:
- paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
- histones
- organelles
- polysaccharide cell walls when present
- division by mitosis

44
Q

What are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

both have:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- DNA

45
Q

What are the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth?

A

physical:
- temperature
- pH
- osmotic pressure

chemical:
- carbon
- nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
- trace elements
- oxygen
- organic growth factors

46
Q

How are microbes classified based on physical requirements?

A
  • temperature they grow in
  • environments they live in
47
Q

How are chemical requirements symbiotic for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes produce essential molecules that eukaryotes can’t make themselves
- eukaryotes have the proper environment and necessary nutrients for the prokaryotes to thrive

48
Q

What are biofilms?

A

microbial community
- forms slime or hydrogels that adhere to surfaces
- shares nutrients
- protects bacteria from harmful environmental factors

49
Q

What is the purpose of aseptic techniques?

A

prevents contamination

50
Q

How is aseptic technique associated with pure cultures?

A

nothing else came in except for what we put in

51
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

binary fission
- cell elongates and DNA is replicated
- plasma membrane constricts and new wall is made
- cross-wall forms to completely separate 2 DNA copies
- cells separate

52
Q

What are the classifications and applications of bacteriological growth media?

A
  • culture media: agar plate
  • chemically defined media: exact chemical composition is known
  • complex media: extracts and digests yeasts, meat or plants
  • anaerobic growth media: used for anaerobic bacteria using chemicals that have O2
53
Q

What are the methods for collecting microbial growth data?

A
  • plate count
  • filtration
  • most probable number method
  • direct microscopic count
  • turbidity
  • metabolic activity
  • dry weight
54
Q

How do you read bacterial and viral growth curves?

A
  • lag phase: no growth
  • log phase: increase in graph
  • stationary phase: plateau
  • death phase: decrease in graph
55
Q

What are the structural components of a typical virus? What are their key functions?

A
  • nucleic acid: virus DNA
  • capsid: protects nucleic acid
  • envelope: coating on some viruses
  • spikes: attaches to host cell for identification
56
Q

What is the morphology of a virus?

A

shape and structure
- arrangement of capsid
- helical or icosahedral
- envelope? spikes?

57
Q

What are the major families and classes of viruses?

A

-viridae: family
-virus: genus

58
Q

What must happen for multiplication of bacteriophages and animal viruses to occur?

A

must invade a host cell and take over the host’s metabolic machinery

59
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A

1) attachment: phage attaches by the tail fibers to host cell
2) penetration: phage lysozyme opens the cell wall and tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into the cell
3) Biosynthesis: phage DNA and proteins are made
4) Maturation: assembly of phage particles
5) Release: phage lysozyme breaks cell wall

60
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

after penetration from lytic cycle and the phage DNA forms a circle
- the circle can recombine with and become part of the circular bacterial DNA and inserted phage DNA
- replication of the prophage and it suppresses the gene

61
Q

What are the benefits of viruses?

A

can treat cancer
can be a vaccine
can diagnose infections

62
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

viral RNA is transcribed to DNA using reverse transcriptase and can integrate into host DNA

63
Q

What are the two viral infections?

A
  • latent: remains in asymptomatic for long time and can reactive
  • persistent: occurs gradually over a long time

Medical Microbiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions