Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
What did Robert Hooke discover or develop?
Cell Theory: all living things are composed of cells
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover or develop?
microscopes
- animalcule
- spontaneous generation
What did Francesco Redi discover or develop?
Maggots come from fly eggs not spontaneous generation
What did John Needham discover or develop?
Microbes develop from liquid to prove spontaneous generation
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani discover or develop?
life only appears when it’s exposed to air
What did Rudolf Virchow discover or develop?
biogenesis: life arises only from pre-existing life
What did Louis Pasteur discover or develop?
Aseptic Technique: preventing contamination
- fermentation
- pasteurization
- germ theory: microorganisms cause disease
- first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What did Robert Koch discover or develop?
established link between specific microbes and specific diseases
What is Paul Ehrlich discover or develop?
Salvarsan
- first synthetic antimicrobial drug
What did Alexander Fleming discover or develop?
penicillin from mold Penicillium notatum
- first true antibiotic
What did Selman Waksman discover or develop?
discovered streptomycin
- first antibiotic against tuberculosis
What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover?
double-helix structure of DNA
- genetic engineering
What are the different microbiomes and their examples?
1) Normal microbiota: no harm
- bacteria in the gut, skin flora
2) Transient microbiota: temporary harm
- bacteria picked from environment and contaminated surfaces
3) Pathogenic microbiota: can cause disease
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Escherichia coli
What are the types of microbiomes?
- prokaryotes
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukaryotes
- fungi
- protozoa
-algae
What are the ecological roles of microbiomes?
- photosynthesis
- decomposers of organic waste
- nitrogen fixation
How are microbiomes used in everyday life?
- fermented foods
- cheese
- waste treatment
- bioremediation
- soil health
- biopesticides
- antibiotics production
- probiotics
What is valence, and how does it correspond with chemical bonds?
combining capacity of an atom or a molecule
- number of empty spaces is how many bonds the atom can form
What are the different chemical bonds?
- ionic bond
- covalent bond
- hydrogen bond
What are the different chemical reactions?
- synthesis reaction
- decomposition reaction
- dehydration synthesis: combining molecules by releasing water
- hydrolysis: breaking a large molecule with water
What are inorganic compounds?
small molecules that don’t have carbon and hydrogen
- small, simple molecules
What are common examples of inorganic compounds?
- water
- oxygen
- salts
- acids/bases
What is water’s purpose in and outside of a cell?
Inside:
- chemical reactions
- facilitates splitting and rejoining of H+ and OH-
Outside:
- dissolves nutrients and facilitates passageways in and out of cell
What is an organic compound?
a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen
What are the different types of organic compounds?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
What is the function of carbohydrates?
- monosaccharides: quick energy source for living cells
- disaccharides: structural component for bacterial cell walls
- polysaccharides: long-term energy source, and structural component for plant cell walls
What is the function of proteins?
cell structure and function
- transporter protein
- enzymes
- antibodies
- bacterial toxins
What are the functions of lipids?
- simple: alternative source of energy when carbohydrates aren’t available
- complex: structure and regulation of transport
- steroids: reduce inflammation
What is the function of nucleic acids?
genetic information
What are each of the organic compounds building blocks?
- carbohydrates: monosaccharides
- proteins: amino acids
- lipids: simple lipids
- nucleic acids: nucleotides
What are the three domains?
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
What are the main differences between the 3 domains?
- bacteria: simple single-cell organisms
- archaea: can live in extreme environments
- eukarya: cells with DNA inside a separate nucleus
What is the theory of the origin of eukaryotes?
endosymbiotic theory: plasma membrane of a prokaryote folded inward to form complex internal structures
What are the different methods of scientific nomenclature?
Binomial nomenclature
- Genus and Specific epithet
- Genus capitalized; species lowercase
- Italicized or underlined
- Enterococcus faecalis
Provide details for classification of prokaryotes.
- population of cells with similar characteristics
- culture: grown in lab media
- clone: derived from a single parent cell
- strain: genetically different cells within a clone
Provide details for the classification of eukaryotes.
- protista: a catchall kingdom for a bunch of organisms; grouped into clades
- fungi: chemoheterotrophic; uni/multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
- plantae: multicellular; cellulose cell walls; photosynthesis
- animalia: multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
Provide details for the classification of viruses.
- unique entities that are not classified within any of the biological domains
- requires a host cell
How can microorganisms be identified?
- classification
- identification
- Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
- Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
- morphological characteristics
- differential staining
- transport media
- biochemical tests
What is the purpose of classification data?
to organize and group microorganisms based on their shared characteristics
What are the different morphologies of prokaryotes?
- bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped, rectangular
- diplo, staphyl, strepto, tetrads, sarcinae
What is the anatomy of prokaryotes and their key functions?
- no nucleus
- simple structure
- single-celled
- asexually reproduction
- diverse habitats
What are the methods for testing the anatomy of prokaryotes?
gram stain
- cell walls (peptidoglycan)
- gram-negative: thin peptidoglycan
- gram-positive: thick peptidoglycan
Acid-fast test
- waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan
- mycoplasmas
What are the types of movement across membranes?
Passive processes
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
Active processes
- uniport
- antiport
- symport
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotes:
- one circular chromosome, in a membrane
- no histones
- no organelles
- bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
- archaea with pseudomurein cell walls
- division by binary fission
eukaryotes:
- paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
- histones
- organelles
- polysaccharide cell walls when present
- division by mitosis
What are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
both have:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- DNA
What are the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth?
physical:
- temperature
- pH
- osmotic pressure
chemical:
- carbon
- nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
- trace elements
- oxygen
- organic growth factors
How are microbes classified based on physical requirements?
- temperature they grow in
- environments they live in
How are chemical requirements symbiotic for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes produce essential molecules that eukaryotes can’t make themselves
- eukaryotes have the proper environment and necessary nutrients for the prokaryotes to thrive
What are biofilms?
microbial community
- forms slime or hydrogels that adhere to surfaces
- shares nutrients
- protects bacteria from harmful environmental factors
What is the purpose of aseptic techniques?
prevents contamination
How is aseptic technique associated with pure cultures?
nothing else came in except for what we put in
How do bacteria replicate?
binary fission
- cell elongates and DNA is replicated
- plasma membrane constricts and new wall is made
- cross-wall forms to completely separate 2 DNA copies
- cells separate
What are the classifications and applications of bacteriological growth media?
- culture media: agar plate
- chemically defined media: exact chemical composition is known
- complex media: extracts and digests yeasts, meat or plants
- anaerobic growth media: used for anaerobic bacteria using chemicals that have O2
What are the methods for collecting microbial growth data?
- plate count
- filtration
- most probable number method
- direct microscopic count
- turbidity
- metabolic activity
- dry weight
How do you read bacterial and viral growth curves?
- lag phase: no growth
- log phase: increase in graph
- stationary phase: plateau
- death phase: decrease in graph
What are the structural components of a typical virus? What are their key functions?
- nucleic acid: virus DNA
- capsid: protects nucleic acid
- envelope: coating on some viruses
- spikes: attaches to host cell for identification
What is the morphology of a virus?
shape and structure
- arrangement of capsid
- helical or icosahedral
- envelope? spikes?
What are the major families and classes of viruses?
-viridae: family
-virus: genus
What must happen for multiplication of bacteriophages and animal viruses to occur?
must invade a host cell and take over the host’s metabolic machinery
What is the lytic cycle?
1) attachment: phage attaches by the tail fibers to host cell
2) penetration: phage lysozyme opens the cell wall and tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into the cell
3) Biosynthesis: phage DNA and proteins are made
4) Maturation: assembly of phage particles
5) Release: phage lysozyme breaks cell wall
What is the lysogenic cycle?
after penetration from lytic cycle and the phage DNA forms a circle
- the circle can recombine with and become part of the circular bacterial DNA and inserted phage DNA
- replication of the prophage and it suppresses the gene
What are the benefits of viruses?
can treat cancer
can be a vaccine
can diagnose infections
What are retroviruses?
viral RNA is transcribed to DNA using reverse transcriptase and can integrate into host DNA
What are the two viral infections?
- latent: remains in asymptomatic for long time and can reactive
- persistent: occurs gradually over a long time
