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Pharmacology II > Lecture 8: Anxiolytic drugs > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Anxiolytic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

5-HT is formed from ___

A

Tryptophan

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2
Q

Serotonin is taken up into nerve terminal by ___and metabolized by ___

A

SERT, MAO

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3
Q

Neurons for serotonin transmission originate in the ___

A

Raphe nucleus

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4
Q

Serotonin is involved in ___and ___

A

Appetite and mood

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5
Q

NE is synthesized from ___, terminated by ___and hydrolysis via___

A

Tyrosine, NET, and MAO

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6
Q

NE pathways originate in the ___

A

Locus coeruleus

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7
Q

NE stimulates ___ receptors in spinal cord and decrease ___ and cause __ and ___

A

Alpha2 receptors, pain, sedation and muscle relaxation

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8
Q

NE is important in ___, ___ and ___

A

Attention, memory and mood

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9
Q

Dopamine is synthesized from __, taken up into nerve terminal by ___ and metabolized by ___

A

Tyrosine, DAT, MAO

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10
Q

Blockade of D2 receptors in striatum can cause ___

A

Motor deficits

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11
Q

The VTA nucleus accumbens system is the ___pathway

A

Reward

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12
Q

Stimulation of DA receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone produce __

A

Vomiting

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13
Q

What are some examples of obsessive compulsive behaviors

A

Cribbing in horses, acral licking and tail chasing in dogs, feather plucking in birds, psychogenic alopecia in cats

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s)

A

Inhibit reuptake of NE and 5-HT

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15
Q

___amines are more sedating than ___amines for TCA’s

A

Tertiary, secondary

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16
Q

TCA’s block ___ and __ receptors resulting in sedation and memory impairment

A

Muscarinic and histamine

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17
Q

What are the main effects of TCA’s

A

Anti-anxiety, anti-compulsive, and anti-aggressive effects

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for clomipramine

A

More specific for 5-HT reuptake than NE

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19
Q

What other receptor does clomipramine block and what is its effect

A

Muscarinic receptors, memory impairment

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20
Q

What are some side effects of clompriamine

A

Sedation, mydriasis, regurgitation, weight gain, urine retention, appetite changes

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21
Q

Clomipramine is not teratogenic but should not be use in __animals

A

Lactating

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22
Q

The chewable form of clomipramine is FDA approved for ___ and ___

A

Separation anxiety in dogs, and behavior modification

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23
Q

In addition to its approved uses, what is clomipramine used for

A

Compulsive disorders such as acral lick dermatitis, tail chasing in dogs, psychogenic alopecia and urine spraying in cats

Decrease feather plucking in parrots

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of amitriptyline

A

Inhibit reuptake of both 5-HT and NE (may play greater role in decreasing pain)

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25
What other receptors does amitriptyline block
Muscarinic and histamine receptor blockade- sedation and memory impairment
26
What are some side effects of amitriptyline
Sedation, urine retention, weight gain , mydriasis
27
Amitriptyline should not e used in ___animals
Pregnant or lactating- teratogenic
28
What are some toxicities associated with amitriptyline
Respiratory depression, ataxia, collapse, convulsions
29
What is amitriptyline used for
Psychogenic alopecia and decrease urine marking in cats Decrease Pain and bladder spasms in treatment of recurring idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats Acral lick dermatitis and tail chasing in dogs, separation anxiety, decrease aggression in fear-induced dogs
30
What is doxepin used for
Parrots to decrease stress during shipment and destructive behavior Used for psychogenic dermatitis in small animals
31
In what species is doxepin banned and why
Competition horses because it is considered psychotropic (calms horses)
32
What is imipramine used for
Inappropriate urination, such as excitement in dogs, decreases withdrawn syndrome in beagles and tx ejaculatory dysfunction in horses
33
Do not combine TCA’s with other ___,___, and __ because it can cause ___ which can be fatal
SSRI’s, MAO inhibitors or St. John’s worts Cause serotonin syndrome
34
SSRI’s decrease response to ___, increase ___which may facilitate learning or behavioral recovery
Stress and increase neural plasticity
35
T or F: SSRI’s block Muscarinic receptors
False
36
What is the main side effect for SSRI’s
Anorexia Cats should especially be monitored
37
What are the general effects of SSRI’s
Anti-anxiety, anti-compulsive , and anti-aggression
38
SSRI’s are very useful for __, where animals is in chronic state of fear
Generalized anxiety disorders
39
What are some other uses beyond generalized anxiety disorders for SSRI’s
Fear induced aggression, acral lick dermatitis in dogs, urine marking and psychogenic alopecia in cats
40
What is fluoxetine FDA approved for and what are some other uses
FDA approved for separation anxiety in dogs Other uses: acral lick dermatitis in dogs, inappropriate urination and psychogenic alopecia in cats
41
T or F: fluoxetine inhibit P450 enzymes, so have many drug interactions, especially TCA’s
True
42
Fluoxetine should not be combined with other ___ because can cause ___
antidepressants cause serotonin syndrome and/or TCA overdose
43
Fluoxetine should not be combined with ___ cause seizures
Tramadol
44
What are some side effects of fluoxetine
Sedation, aggression, seizures, anxiety
45
Sertraline is less effective for ___than fluoxetine
Acral lick dermatitis
46
What is sertraline used for
Obsessive behaviors in cats
47
T or F: sertraline inhibits P450 enzyme
F
48
What is paroxetine used for
Urine marking and aggression in cats Generalized anxiety disorders in dogs
49
T or F: paroxetine inhibits P450 enzyme
True
50
What is the mechanism of action of Mirtazapine
Alpha2 antagonist increases release of NE and 5-HT by removing pre synaptic inhibition of release
51
Mirtazapine also blocks ___receptors which makes it very sedating
Histamine
52
What is Mirtazapine used for
Cats: appetite stimulant, decrease nausea and vomiting Dogs: sedation
53
What are some side effects of Mirtazapine in cats
Vocalizaiton and agitation
54
Mirtazapine has a very long have life and oral form should be dose every ___ in cats
3 days
55
What is the mechanism of action of trazodone
Antagonist at 5-HT2A/2C receptors and decrease 5-HT reuptake
56
What is trazodone used for
Pre-anesthetic to provide sedation, anti-anxiety in dogs or post-sx confinement, decrease anxiety in cats before vets
57
What are some adverse effects of trazodone
Sedation, lethargy, priapism
58
What is the mechanism of action of buspirone
Partial agonist of 5-HT1a receptor
59
What is buspirone used for
Anti-anxiety drug, effective treatment for generalized anxiety in dogs Cats: urine marking and inter-cat aggression
60
Buspirone can be combined with __ in dogs for treatment of __, ___ and__
Fluoxetine Tx: aggression, anxiety and stereotypic behavior
61
T or F: buspirone is non-sedating
True
62
What is the mechanism of action for selegiline
Inhibits MAO-B and increase levels of dopamine
63
What is selegiline approved for
Canine cognitive dysfunction and pituitary dependent crushings in dogs
64
What are some signs of mild serotonin syndrome and what is treatment
Agitation, delirium, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety Tx: observe for >6hrs and give benzodiazepines
65
What are some signs of moderate serotonin syndrome and what is tx
Hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, mydriasis, seizures Tx” Admit, cardiac monitoring, benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine
66
What are some signs of severe serotonin syndrome and what is treatment
Myoclonus, ocular clonus, rigidity, hyperreflexia, tremor, akasthisia, in coordination Tx: ICU, esmolol or nitroprusside, cooling, sedation, intubation paralysis
67
What drugs are good for aggression in dogs
TCA’s, SSRI,s buspirone
68
What drugs are good for generalized anxiety in dogs
TCA’s SSRI’s, buspirone
69
What drugs are good for acral lick dermatitis
TCA’s SSRI’s
70
What drug is good for canine cognitive dysfunction
Selegiline
71
What drug is good for interstitial cystitis in cats
Amitriptyline
72
What drugs are good for urine marking in cats
TCAs, SSRIs, buspirone
73
What drug is good for inter-cat aggression
Buspirone
74
What drugs are good for compulsive disorders in cats
TCA’s, SSRIs
75
What drug is an appetite stimulant in cats and dogs
Mirtazapine
76
What drugs are good for feather plucking in parrots
TCA’s

Pharmacology II (36 decks)

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