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Pharmacology II > Lecture 32: Anti-Nematode Agents > Flashcards

Lecture 32: Anti-Nematode Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life cycle for nematodes

A
  1. Ingestion of larvae/eggs
  2. Migration and maturation in host
  3. Elimination of egg/ larvae
  4. Ingestion eggs by host
    4a. Ingestion/ infection by intermediate host
    5a. Consumption or vectoring
    6a. Ingestion by definitive host
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2
Q

What is fenbendazole approved for in dogs

A

Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms

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3
Q

What is fenbendazole approved for in cats

A

Roundworms, hookworms, strongyloides, lungworms and Giardia

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4
Q

What is fenbendazole approved for in cows

A

Lungworms, stomach worms, intestinal worms

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5
Q

What is fenbendazole used for in horses

A

Strongyles, pinworms, ascarids

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6
Q

Febantel is a prodrug that is metabolized to ___following absorption

A

Fenbendazole

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7
Q

What is febantel indicated for

A

Dogs: roundworms, hookworms, whipworms

Cats: roundworms, hookworms, strongyloids, lung worms, Giardia

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8
Q

What is albendazole approved for cats and dogs

A

Giardia

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9
Q

What is albendazole approved for in cows

A

Stomach worms, intestinal worms, lung worms

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10
Q

What is levamisole indicated for in cattle (beef and non-lactating dairy), sheep’s and goats

A
  1. Mature and larval lung worms
  2. Mature stages of GI worms
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11
Q

What is levamisole approved for in swine

A

Mature stages of GI worms

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12
Q

Levamisole parent compound is broken down into what 2 compounds

A
  1. I-tetramisole-levamisole: anti-nematodal effects, toxicity
  2. D-tetramisole- no anti-nematodal effects, toxicity
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13
Q

What is the Pd of levamisole

A
  1. NM agonist- causes tetanic paralysis- worms unable to maintain attachment to host
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14
Q

Levamisole paralyzes worms but still alive when excreted in feces so important that owner ___

A

Picks up feces otherwise reinfection

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15
Q

Levamisole is best absorbed when given ___

A

SQ

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16
Q

Levamisole is not to be used in what animals and why

A

Lactating dairy cattle- enters milk of cattle 1hr following SQ administration

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17
Q

Levamisole is metabolized in ___

A

Liver

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18
Q

How levamisole eliminated

A

60% in urine, 30% in feces

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19
Q

Toxic signs of levamisole look like ___

A

SLUDGE
Salivation, lacrimation, urinary, defecation, GI upset, emesis

20
Q

What are some adverse effects of levamisole

A
  1. Stimulates NM receptors in hist- muscle fasisculations
  2. SLUDGE
21
Q

Toxicity of levamisole may be increased by concurrent treatment with ___, ___ or __

A

Pyrantel, morantel or AChE inhibitors

22
Q

What species is very intolerant of levamisole

A

Horses

23
Q

What is morantel indicated for

A

GI worms in cows sheep and goats

24
Q

What is pyrantel indicated for

A

GI worms of swine, horses, dogs and cats

25
Q

Which has worse absoprtion: morantel or pyrantel

A

Morantel

26
Q

Pyrantel and morantel are only administered ___

A

PO

27
Q

Pyrantel and morantel are maintained in the GI tract of ruminants for up to ___days

A

98 days

28
Q

Pyrantel and morantel have better absoprtion when given with __ in small animals

A

Food

29
Q

Pyrantel and morantel are eliminated via

A

Urine

30
Q

Horses tend to tolerate ___salt better than palmate salt

A

Tartate salt

31
Q

What is piperazine indicated for in dogs and cats

A

Toxocara spp and Toxascaris leonina

32
Q

What is piperazine indicated for in horses

A

Cynthomes, ascarids, and pinworms

33
Q

What is piperazine indicated for in pigs

A

Ascarids and modular worms

34
Q

What is the PD of piperazine

A

GABA receptor agonist- hyperpolarizes cell—> flaccid paralysis

35
Q

You should not give piperazine with ___, ___ and ___ due to competition

A

pyrantel, morantel, and levamisole

36
Q

Piperazine is not effective against ___eggs

A

Nematode

37
Q

Piperazine is metabolized by the ___

A

Liver

38
Q

Piperazine is eliminated in the ___

A

Urine

39
Q

What are some adverse effects of piperazine in dogs and cats

A

Emesis, diarrhea, ataxia, muscle tremors, behavior alteration, head pressing

40
Q

What is emdoespide indicated for

A

Labeled for Toxocara cati and acylostoma tubaeforme in cats

41
Q

What is the PD of emodepside

A

Latrophilin receptor agonist in nerves—> induces release PF-1 like neuropeptide—> hyperpolarizes muscle cells in the nematode pharynx—> flaccid paralysis of muscles necessary for ingestion

42
Q

All mechanisms of resistance to nematode drugs involve altered ___ and are ___

A

Genetics, heritable

43
Q

What are the three examples of resistance seen in H. Contorts

A
  1. Number of drug targets decreases- decreases NM receptors
  2. Affinity of target for drug is decreased- altered B-tubulin structure
  3. Elimination of drug increases- increased P-gp
44
Q

Decrease expression of NM receptors caused resistance in __ and __

A

Levamisole and pyrantel

45
Q

Altering B-tubular structure caused resistance to ___

A

Albendazole

46
Q

Increasing P-gp causes resistance to __ and ___

A

Albendazole and avermectins

47
Q

What are some recommendations for limiting resistance

A
  1. Use drugs indicated for species
  2. Given full treatment course (2)
  3. Rotate between indicated drugs
  4. Treat at defined thresholds
  5. Monitor parasite levels in patient populations/ herds

Pharmacology II (36 decks)

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