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Pharmacology II > Lecture 31: Anti-Cestode and Trematode Agents > Flashcards

Lecture 31: Anti-Cestode and Trematode Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifecycle for Tapeworms

A
  1. Humans infected and eggs or gravid proglottids excreted in feces
  2. Cattle and pigs ingest vegetation contaminated with feces
  3. Penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to muscle
  4. Oncospheres develop and encyst into muscle
  5. Humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat
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2
Q

What is Praziquantel indicated for

A
  1. All tapeworms in dogs, cats and horses
  2. Only drug effective against E. Granulosus
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3
Q

Praziquantel is not approved for use in ___

A

Food animals

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4
Q

What is the only drug approved for E. Granulosus

A

Praziquantel

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5
Q

What is the PD for praziquantel

A

Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis leading to disruption of cellular metabolism leading to titanic paralysis and tegumentary breakdown—> host immune response—> dead tapeworms

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6
Q

Praziquantel has poor oral bioavailability due to extensive ___but metabolites are ___

A

First pass metabolism by the liver, active

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7
Q

T or F: praziquantel is distributed to CNS

A

True

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8
Q

How is praziquantel excreted

A

Urine

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9
Q

What is epsiprantel used for in dogs

A

Dipylidium canines and Tania pisiformis

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10
Q

What is epsiprantel used for in cats

A

Dipylidium caninum and Tania taneiaeformis

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11
Q

Epsiprantel is not approved for use in ___

A

Food animals

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12
Q

What is the PD for epsiprantel

A

Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis leading to disruption of cellular metabolism leading to titanic paralysis and tegumentary breakdown—> host immune response—> dead tapeworms

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13
Q

Epsiprantel has very poor absorption from ___

A

GI tract

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14
Q

Epsiprantel is eliminated in the ___

A

Feces

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15
Q

Since epsiprantel is not absorbed into the body its effects on the cestode are due to ___not ____

A

Direct uptake of the drug by parasite not by transport of the drug by the host to the parasite

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16
Q

What is the life cycle for F. Hepatica (flukes)

A
  1. Umembryonated egg capsule excreted in feces
  2. Miracadium infects snail
  3. Gymnocephalus cercaria excreted by snail
  4. Metacecaria on vegetation
  5. Cows/sheep eat vegetation
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17
Q

What is the pathway of immature flukes in host tissue

A
  1. Penetrate GI and traverse peritoneum to liver in 4 days
  2. Migrate and feed on liver
  3. At 8 weeks penetrate bile ducts
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18
Q

Mature flukes feed on ___ and cause ___

A

Blood, cause biliary hyperplasia and progressive occlusion

19
Q

What is Clorsulon indicated for

A
  1. Fasciola spp in cattle and sheep
20
Q

Clorsulon is not effective against flukes before ___post infection

A

8 weeks

21
Q

What does ivomec Plus contain and cover

A

Contains both Clorsulon and ivermectin, so covers flukes and nematodes

22
Q

What is the PD for Clorsulon

A

Stops glycolysis by inhibiting phosphoglyceromutase and phosphoglycerate kinase

23
Q

What is the route of administration of Clorsulon to flukes

A

Ingestion of blood containing the drug

24
Q

T or F: Clorsulon is unmetabolized

A

True

25
Q

How is Clorsulon eliminated

A

Urine

26
Q

What broad class is albendazole and fenbendazole affective against

A

Tapeworms

27
Q

Albendazole is approved against

A

Moniezia in cattle (non-lactating)

28
Q

Fenbendazole is effective against ___ in dogs and cats

A

T. Pisiformis in dogs and cats

29
Q

Albendazole is effective against ___ in cattle

A

F. Hepatica

30
Q

Albendazole is effective against F. Hepatica ___weeks post infection

A

12 weeks

31
Q

Fenbendazole is 95% effective against ___in sheep

A

F. Gigantica

32
Q

___approved for roundworms and giardia in dogs, cats, horses and cattle

A

Benzimidazoles

33
Q

What is the PD of benzimidazoles

A

Inhibit microtubule polymerization by binding to B-tubulin in all parasite stages

34
Q

Benzimidazoles toxicity to parasites is due to ___ and ___

A

GI secretory defects and reduced glucose uptake by GI tract

35
Q

Efficacy of Benzimidazoles is increased by longer ___ leading to increased ___

A

GI residency times, increased absoprtion

36
Q

Differences in ___dictate differences in dosing frequencies for Benzimidazoles

A

GI physiology

37
Q

What is the dosing of Benzimidazoles in ruminants and why

A

One dose followed by possible retreatment 4-6 weeks later

Rumen is reservoir and stays there for while

38
Q

Absoprtion of benzimidazoles in monogastrics is ___due to rapid ___

A

Decreased due to rapid GI transit times

39
Q

What is the dosing of benzimidazoles in monogastrics and why

A

Q24 for 3 days minimum due to fast GI transit times

40
Q

How are Benzimidazoles eliminated

A

Unchanged in feces

41
Q

What is an adverse effect caused by all benzimidazoles

A

Hypersensitivity reaction to antigens from dying worms

42
Q

What is an adverse effect of fenbendazole

A

Pancytopenia

43
Q

What are some adverse effects of albendazole

A

Aplastic anemia

44
Q

Albendazole is contraindicated in what patients

A

Pregnant, potentially teratogenic

Pharmacology II (34 decks)

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