Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology II > Lecture 26: Pain Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Pain Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What pain scale do we use in the clinic

A

Glasgow composite pain scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do you intervene on glascow pain scale

A

5/20 or 6/24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How often do you assess pain until patient is recovered from anesthesia

A

Every 15-30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How often do you assess pain in first 24hrs post-op

A

Every 1-4hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After analgesic intervention, how long after do you asses pain

A

15 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Based on ear position, assign pain scale left to right

A

left: 0- absent
Middle: 1 moderately present
Right: 2- markedly present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Based on orbital tightening assign pain scale

A

Left: absent (eyes open)
Middle: 1- moderately present (eyes partially closed)
Right: 2- markedly present (squinted eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Assign pain based on muzzle tension

A

left: 0-absent
Middle- 1- moderately present
Right: 2- markedly present- tense (elliptical shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Assign pain based on whisker change

A

Left: 0-absent
Middle: 1- moderately present (slightly curved or straight)
Right: 2-markedly present- straight or moving forward away from face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Assign pain based on head position

A

left- 0 absent
Middle: 1-moderately present- head aligned with shoulders
Right: 2-markedly present- head below shoulders or tilted down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is wrong here that would indicate pain

A

Ears out- 2
Head down- 2
Eyes- squinted- 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Assign pain based on ear position

A

left- 0
Middle: 1- ears to side
Right: 2- backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Assign pain based on orbital tightening

A

left- 0
Middle-1- slightly closed
Right: 2- squinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Assign pain based on tension above eye

A

Left- 0
Middle-1
Right- 2- bone surfaces very obvious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

assign pain based on prominent strained chewing muscles

A

Left- 0
Middle-1
Right-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Score the following in chart and total pain score

A

Ears backwards- 1
Orbital tightening-0
Tension above eyes-0
Prominent strained chewing muscles-0
Mouth strained and pronounced chin- 0
Strained nostrils and flattening-0
Total-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Score following chart and total pain score

A

ears backwards- 0
Orbital tightening-0
Tension above eyes- 1
Prominent strained chewing muscles- 0
Mouth strained and pronounced chin- 0
Strained nostrils and flattening- 0
Total-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Score the following chart and total score

A

Ears back-2
Orbital tightening- 2
Tension above eye-0
Prominent strained chewing muscles- 2
Mouth strained and pronounced chin-1
Strained nostrils and flattening-1
Total-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Score the following chart and total score

A

ears back-0
Orbital tightening-0
Tension above eye-1
Prominent strained chewing muscles- 0
Mouth strained and pronounced chin- 0
Strained nostrils and flattening- 0
Total-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can you tell if horse shows typical pain signs if just asleep vs actual pain

A

If you stimulate horse they should change their facial expressions if not painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can be used to block transduction

A
  1. Local anesthetics
  2. Opioids
  3. Alpha 2 agonists
  4. NSAIDS
  5. Corticosteroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be used to block transmission

A
  1. GA
  2. Opioids
  3. Alpha 2 antagonists
  4. Benzodiazepines
  5. Acepromazine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can be used to block modulation

A
  1. Local anesthetics
  2. Opioids
  3. Alpha 2 agonists
  4. NSAIDS
  5. NMDA antagonist (ketamine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can be used to block perception

A
  1. Local anesthesia
  2. Opioids
  3. Alpha 2 agonists
  4. Benzodiazepines
  5. Acepromazine
  6. NMDA antagonists
  7. GABA agonists
  8. Inhalant anesthesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What would be a good pre-op protocol for neuter
1. Opioids- buprenorphine, hydromorphone
26
What would be could intra-op pain control for neuter
Intratesticular block with lidocaine
27
What would be good post-op pain control for neuter
NSAIDS, buprenorphine
28
What would be good pre-op pain protocol for femoral fracture
1. Fentanyl and lidocaine CRI’s 2. NSAIDS 3. Hydromorphone, morphine, methadone (full mu’s)
29
What would be good intra-op pain control for femoral fracture
1. Epidural 2. Sciatic/ femoral nerve block
30
What would be good post-op pain protocol for femoral fracture
1. If epidural effective may not need a lot 2. If not effective- fentanyl CRI, morphine, hydromorphone q4-6hrs
31
What is the space for lumbosacral epidural
Between L7 and S1
32
If epidural failed what are good post-op pain controls
Ketamine, fentanyl, lidocaine
33
What would be a good pre-op pain control for sx involving opening chest cavity
Hydromorphone, morphine, methadone (full mu)
34
What would be good intra-op pain protocol for sx involving opening chest cavity
1. Intercostal nerve block
35
What would be good post-op pain protocol for sx involving opening chest cavity
Fentanyl and lidocaine CRI
36
Where is an intercostal nerve block done in relation to surgical incision
1 space cranial to incision and 2 spaces caudal to incision
37
How does interpleural regional anesthesia work
Place catheter and leave in to inject bupivicaine or lidocaine every so often
38
What is good pre-op pain protocol for mandibular fracture
1. Methadone, hydromorphone, morphine 2. NSAIDS
39
What is good intra-op pain protocol for mandibular fracture
1. Mandibular nerve block 2. Fentanyl, ketamine and/or lidocaine
40
What is good post-op pain control for mandibular fracture
Hydromorphone, buprenorphine
41
What drugs are standard of care for treatment of pain
Opioids and NSAIDS
42
You can’t give lidocaine IV to what species
Cats
43
Local anesthesia blocks __
Transmission of signal along nerve
44
Regional and local anesthesia blocks transmission up the nerve to the spinal cord and therefore there is no ___ or __
Modulation or perception
45
What can you combine local anesthetics with for synergistic effect
Opioids or alpha 2 agonists
46
What is commonly used to tx mild to severe pain
Opioids
47
___inhibits the action potential of nociceptive neurons
Opioids
48
Where do opioids act
Midbrain, spinal cord, peripheral nociceptors
49
The distribution of opioid receptors and response to treatment is ___dependent
Species
50
Activation of alpha 2 receptors in CNS and spinal cord causes ___
Decreased sympathetic discharge leading to sedation and analgesia
51
Alpha 2 agonists inhibit ___release from nociceptor neurons
Neurotransmitter
52
NSAIDS block__
COX pathway
53
__is standard use for inflammatory pain and acute pain unless contraindicated for medical reasons
NSAIDS
54
__return threshold of nociceptors to normal range
NSAIDS
55
What are some examples of NMDA antagonists
Ketamine, methadone
56
NMDA antagonists are __transmission inhibitors
Nociceptive
57
NMDA receptors are unregulated in ___pain and should be considered in these cases
Wind up pain
58
What do benzodiazepines contribute to a pain protocol
Alter conscious state which may alter perception of pain
59
T or F: benzodiazepines are analgesic
False
60
What do tricyclic antidepressants do you pain pathway and what is an example
Ex: amtriptyline Alter 5-HT and NE reputable
61
What kind of pain is gabapentin useful in
Neuropathic pain, decreased development of chronic pain
62
How do corticosteroids work in pain pathway
Inhibit PLA2 and arachidonic acid pathway
63
T or F: you should use corticosteroids with NSAIDS
False
64
What is the endogenous ligand for maropitant and how might this be helpful with pain
Substance P is endogenous ligand and it may inhibit/prevent transmission of signal
65
CRI”s provide __ concentration and ___
Consistent plasma concentration and efficacy
66
CRI’s are used with what kind of drugs
Potent, short acting (ex: fentanyl)

Pharmacology II (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions