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Pharmacology II > Lecture 33: Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Lecture 33: Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things should a good ectoparasiticide do

A
  1. Effective adulticide and repellant
  2. Persist at an effective dose on the skin for extended period (1-3 months)
  3. Be stable in sunlight, shampoo, water
  4. Cause minimal contamination in the local environment (reduce risk of resistance)
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2
Q

Individual ectroparasiticide agents are __ molecular weight

A

Large

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3
Q

What large molecular weight of ectoparasiticides allows for what 4 things to occur

A
  1. Slow dermal absoprtion
  2. Low systemic bioavailability
  3. Large volumes of distribution
  4. Long tissue and plasma half lives
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4
Q

What are some advantages of topical ectoparasiticides

A

Avoid degradation in the GI tract, avoid first pass metabolism in the liver

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5
Q

What are some disadvantages of topical ectoparasiticides

A

Risk of overdose (licking collar or skin), prolonged withdrawal times in food animals

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6
Q

What are the routes of absoprtion for trans-epidermal absoprtion

A
  1. Transceullar- active transport
  2. Intercellular
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7
Q

What are the routes of absoprtion for trans follicular absoprtion

A
  1. Trans-epidermal
  2. Sweat pore- accumulation of sebaceous glands
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8
Q

What species has the thickest and thinnest epidermal skin

A

Thickest: pigs
Thinnest: cats

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9
Q

What are some indications for pyrethrins/pyrethroids

A
  1. Fleas and tickets
  2. 3rd generation chemicals have some mite and lice coverage
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10
Q

What 3rd generation pyrethrins/pyrethroids tx fleas, ticks, mites and lice

A

Permethrin

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11
Q

As you go from 1st generation to 4th generation pyrethrins/ pyrethroids how does stability and potency change

A

Increase

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12
Q

What is the PD for pyrethrins/pyrethroids

A

Activates Na+ channels in nerves—> repetitive depolarizations leading to parasite death

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13
Q

2nd generation pyrethrins pyrethroids are absolutely toxic to ___ because requires ___

A

Cats, requires glucoronidation metabolism

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14
Q

What are some signs of toxicity to pyrethrins/ pyrethroids

A

SLUDGE, miosis, tremors, convulsions, dyspnea

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of drugs that are synergistic with pyrethrins

A
  1. Piperonyl butoxide
  2. N-octal bicycloheptene dicarboximide
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16
Q

What is the PD of piperonyl butoxide and N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide

A

Blocks cytochrome p450, inhibits oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism, prevents enzymatic breakdown of pyrethrins

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17
Q

What are some adverse effects with piperonyl butoxide

A

Prevents breakdown of pyrethrins in cats and increases toxicity

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18
Q

Organophosphate are used for what

A

Pesticide control, anti-nematode agents, flea collars

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19
Q

What is tetrachlorvinphos

A

Organophosphate collar to protect against fleas, ticks

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20
Q

What is the PD of organophosphates

A

Long lasting, irreversible inhibitors of AChE

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21
Q

What are some signs of AChE inhibitor toxicity

A

SLUDGE, miosis and muscle spasms, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, hypotension, seizures, respiratory paralysis, death

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22
Q

What cattle breeds are sensitive to organophosphates

A

Brahman, charolais, and simmental

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23
Q

What dogs are sensitive to organophosphates

A

Greyhounds and whippets

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24
Q

What broad species is sensitive to organophosphates

A

Cats

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25
What is pralidoximine chloride used for
Reversible agent for AChE toxicity caused by organophosphotases
26
What is the PD for pralidoxime chloride
PAM binds organophosphate so it can’t bind to AChE receptor
27
Besides pralidoximine chloride what drug is another potential tx for organophosphate toxicity/ AChE inhibitor toxicity
Atropine
28
T or F: pralidoxime chloride crosses BBB
False
29
How is pralidoximine metabolized
Liver
30
How is pralidoxime chloride excreted
Urine
31
Do not use pralidoxime chloride unless indicated because also inhibits ___ and can cause signs similar to ___
AChE, organophosphate toxicity
32
What is tx for organophosphate/ carbamate poisoning
1. Administer atropine until pupils dilate and repeat q3-6hrs 2. Administer pralidoxime chloride if less than 304hrs since exposure and repeat q8hrs 3.intubate and ventilation 4. Remove source of toxicity- bathe or sx
33
T or F: you can treat carbamate toxicity with pralidoxime chloride
False, they have reversible binding and don;t have reactive phosphate so won’t work
34
What is imidacloprid and nitenpyram indicated for
Fleas, especially resistant to fipronil
35
Imidacloprid kills __ and __ within 1hr
Adults and larvae fleas
36
Nitenpyram kills __ within 30 minutes
Adult fleas
37
What is the fastest anti-flea drug
Nitenpyram
38
Dog presents to your clinic with severe itching, you suspect fleas so before starting exam you give __ and after 30 minutes dogs stops itching which means ___
Nitenpyram, dog had fleas
39
What is the PD for imidacloprid and nitenpyram
Agonist of the insects postsynpatic AChR NM receptor—> rigid paralysis/ tetanus
40
What is the t 1/2 if imidacloprid and nitenpyram in dogs and cats
Dogs: 2.8hrs Cats: 7.7hrs
41
What are some adverse effects of imidacloprid
Nicotine and hepatic effects if ingested- don’t give orally
42
What is fipronil indicated for
fleas, ticks, biting lice, ear parasites and Trombicula automnalis
43
What is the PD of fipronil
Non-competitive inhibitor of glutamate activated chloride channels -> rigid paralysis and CNS disruption
44
What is fluralaner and afoxolaner indicated for
Treatment and prevention of fleas and some ticks in dogs
45
What is the PD of Fluralaner
Inhibit insect GABA receptors and also glutamate activate chloride channels—> rigid paralysis and CNS disruption
46
What is Pd of afoxolaner
Inhibit insect GABA receptor
47
What are some adverse effects of fluralaner and afoxolaner
Vomiting, inappetence, diarrhea, hypersalivation
48
What is amitraz indicated for
1. Generalized demodex in dogs and demodicosis in cats 2. Fleas and ticks on dogs 3. Ticks, mites and lice on swine and cattle
49
Taktic, generic form of amitraz can kill what species
Horses and dogs
50
What I the PD of amitraz
MAO inhibitor that acts prefentially in mites over mammals, causes toxic catecholamin(NE, epi) levels in mites
51
What are some adverse effects of amitraz
Alpha2 adrenergic agonist in mammals —> sedation, bradycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia
52
__ administration is most common cause of toxicity, for example ingesting ___
PO, impregnated collar
53
What breeds/species are specifically suspceptible to amitraz toxicity
Toy breeds, dogs < 4months, cats, and rabbits
54
What is the reversal agent for amitraz
Atipamezole
55
What is juvenile hormone analog indicated for
1. Fleas in dogs and cats
56
What is the PD of junvenile hormone analogs
Maintains/ increases hormone levels so fleas don’t mature
57
Pyriproxygen (JHA) concentrates in flea __ and creates ___
Ovaries, non-viable eggs
58
Pyriproxygen is more stable to UV light than
Methoprene
59
What are some adverse effects of juvenile hormone analogs
Very safe by themselves but when used in combination products that have permethroids can be toxic to cats
60
What is sentinel used for
Fleas in dogs and cats
61
What is the PD of sentinel
Drug consumed by fleas in blood, flea larvae feeding on adult flea feces also ingest drug and it inhibits the production of chitin exoskeleton during pupal stage of development (insect development inhibitors)
62
What are some adverse effects of sentinel (insect development inhibitors)
Injection site reactions, very severe in dogs
63
What are some examples of insect repellents
1. Butoxypolypropylene 2. Di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate 3. Diethyl-m-tulamide (DEET)
64
What are the effects of insect repellents
Reduce insects landing on/ entering the hair coat of animals interfere with ectoparasiticides feeding, ectoparasite disorientation
65
What are some adverse effects of DEET (repellent)
Increase dermal absorption and increase adverse effects of primary ectoparasiticides in cats

Pharmacology II (36 decks)

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