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Pharmacology II > Lecture 35: Anti-Protozoa Agents > Flashcards

Lecture 35: Anti-Protozoa Agents Flashcards

1
Q

what are two reportable Protozoa diseases in Arizona

A

Babesiosis, Leishmaniasis

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2
Q

Giardia interferes with the absorption in the lumen of the ___

A

SI

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3
Q

Giardia infects who

A

Dogs, cats, horses, cattle

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4
Q

T or F: Giardia is zoonotic

A

True

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5
Q

What drug is used to tx Giardia in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle

A

Benzimidazoles

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6
Q

What drugs are used to tx Giardia in dogs, cats, and horses

A

Nitroimidazoles

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7
Q

What is the PD of benzimidazoles

A

Inhibit micro tubule formation

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8
Q

Benzimidazoles kill __ and not ___ of giardia

A

Trophozoites, cysts

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9
Q

What Benzimidazoles tx Giardia in dogs and cats

A

Febantel

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10
Q

What Benzimidazoles tx Giardia in dogs and cattle

A

Albendazole

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11
Q

What Benzimidazoles tx Giardia in dogs, cats, horses and cattle (calves)

A

Fenbendazole

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12
Q

Giardia rarely causes clinical manifestation in __

A

Horses

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13
Q

T or F: nitroamidazoles is drug of choice to tx Giardia in food producing animals

A

False- banned

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14
Q

Why are nitroimidazoles banned in food producing animals

A

Mutagenic/carcinogenic potential

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15
Q

What nitroimidazoles is used to tx Giardia in dogs, cats and horses

A

Metronidazole and tinidazole

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16
Q

Ronidazole is used to tx ___in dogs

A

Giardia

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17
Q

What is PD of nitroimidazoles

A

Prodrugs producing cytotoxic metabolites

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18
Q

Which nitroimidazole has extensive distribution, including brain and bone

A

Metronidazole

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19
Q

Nitroimidazoles metabolized via

A

Liver

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20
Q

What causes trichomoniasis

A

Tritrichomonas foetis

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21
Q

What does T. Foetis cause in cats

A

Large bowel diarrhea

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22
Q

What is the drug of choice to tx T. Foetis in cats

A

Ronidazole

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23
Q

T. Foetis in cattle is transmitted via ___

A

Sex

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24
Q

What is tx for T. Foetis in cattle

A

Bulls persistently infected so typically cull

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25
Q

Babesia is transmitted via __

A

Ticks

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26
Q

What is the mainline action against Babesia

A

Tick prevention

27
Q

What does Babesia infect

A

RBC

28
Q

What are some signs of babesiosis

A

Anemia, splenomegaly, depression and anorexia

29
Q

What is the tx for Babesia caballi in horses

A

Imidocarb dipropionate

30
Q

What is tx for Thelieria/Babesia equi

A

Chlortetracycline

31
Q

What is the Pd for imidocarb disproportionate

A

DNA denaturing agent

32
Q

What are some adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate

A

Injection site pain/inflammation, cholinergic signs (bradycardia, colic, etc), renal tubular and hepatic necrosis

33
Q

What is the tx for Babesia in dogs

A

Azithromycin and atovaquone (hydroxyquinolone)

34
Q

T or F: cows infected with B. bigemina (Texas fever) is reportable

A

True

35
Q

What is the PD of atovaquone

A

Electron transport chain inhibitor

36
Q

Absorption of atovaquone is doubled when oral administration is accompanied by ___

A

Fatty meal

37
Q

What is the cause of equine protozoan myeloencephalitis

A

S. Neurona, N. Hughesi

38
Q

What is the most common sign of EPM

A

Asymmetric ataxia

39
Q

What are the drugs used to tx EPM

A
  1. Ponazuril
  2. Diclazuril
40
Q

T or F: drugs to tx EPM only 60% effective and patients tend to relapse

A

True

41
Q

Ponazuril and diclazuril are ___derivatives

A

Thiazine

42
Q

What is the PD for Ponazuril and diclazuril

A

Interfere with apicoplast function which is needed for fatty acid synthesis, amino acid storage, and starch storage (“liver or Protozoa”)

43
Q

Ponazuril bioavailability can be enhanced following oral administration when dissolved in ___

A

DMSO

44
Q

What are some adverse effects of Ponazuril

A

Blisters on nose and mouth, rash, diarrhea, colic, seizures

45
Q

hepatozoon americanum infects __ and ___

A

Dogs and coyotes

46
Q

How do dogs become infected with Heptazoon americanum

A

Ingest infective locusts of ambylomma maculatum

47
Q

What are some signs of hepatozoonosis

A

Severe neutrophil lymphocytosis, marked joint pain associated with myosin is and periosteal proliferation

48
Q

What is important to prevent hepatozoonosis

A

Tick prevention

49
Q

What drugs are used to tx hepatozoonosis

A
  1. Sulfazadine-trimethoprim +clindamycin +pyrimethamine
  2. Imidocarb dipropionate
  3. Decoquinate
50
Q

Which drug used to tx hepatozoonosis when used as a stand alone drug prolongs remission following tx

A

Decoquinate

51
Q

Decoquinate is a __inhibitor that acts on ___

A

Electron transport inhibitor that acts on schizont/infective stage

52
Q

What are some signs of T. Gondii in cats

A

Health adult cats: diarrhea
Kittens and immunosupressed: fatal extra-intestinal/ disseminated toxoplasmosis, depression, anorexia, fever, hypothermia, icterus, dyspnea, ascites

53
Q

What is tx for T. Gondii

A
  1. Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim
  2. Clindamycin
54
Q

What does T. Gondii cause in humans

A

Abortion, mental retardation, hydrocephalus, ocular pathologies

55
Q

What species causes coccidiosis in ruminants and gallincaeous birds

A

Emeria

56
Q

What species causes coccidosis in dogs, cats, and pigs

A

Isospora

57
Q

What are some signs of coccidosis

A

Diarrhea +/- blood, anemia, dehydration, poor production, fatal in young animals

58
Q

Which coccidosis is self limiting vs not: eimeria vs isospora

A

Eimera self limiting, isospora not

59
Q

How do you prevent coccidosis

A

Sanitation- most important
Keep food separate from housing
Don’t feed raw meat

60
Q

What drugs tx coccidosis in all species

A

Amprolium

61
Q

What is PD of amprolium

A

Competes with thiamine (Vit B1) metabolism in parasites

62
Q

What are some adverse effects of amprolium

A

Thiamine deficiency, depression, anorexia, diarrhea, neurological signs

63
Q

What drug is used to tx coccidosis in birds only

A

Robenidine

64
Q

What is PD of robenidine

A

Competes with guanine metabolism in parasites

Pharmacology II (36 decks)

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