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Pharmacology II > Lecture 2: Respiratory Drugs and Treatments for Allergy > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Respiratory Drugs and Treatments for Allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What are some indications for antihistamines/H1 antagonists

A

Sedation, prophylaxis of atopic dermatitis, aseptic laminitis (cows), blood transfusions, tx MCT, motion sickness

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2
Q

What are some first generation H1 antagonists

A
  1. Diphehydramine HCl
  2. Chloropheniramine maleate
  3. Promethazine HCl
  4. Trimeprazine tartrate
  5. Hydroxyzine HCl
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3
Q

What is the second generation H1 antagonist

A

Cetirizine

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4
Q

How do H1 antagonist affect neurotransmission

A

Histamine is typically stimulatory so antagonist will block that excitatory effect- promotes sedation

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5
Q

What are H1 antagonists role in anaphylaxis

A

Histamine typically causes vasodilation and reflex tachycardia in anaphylaxis, but H1 antagonist will block vasodilation so promote constriction and increase BP

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6
Q

What is the mechanism in which histamine causes vasodilation

A
  1. Histamine binds to H1 receptor
  2. Activates NO synthase
  3. NO acts on guanylyl Cyclase turning GTP to cGMP
  4. Inhibits PLC
  5. Promotes vascular smooth muscle relaxation
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7
Q

Which has a lower VD- first or second generation h1 antagonists

A

2nd generation- cetirizine

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8
Q

If you have a patient who needs to treat an allergy but doesn’t want to have sedative effect which drug should you put on and why

A

Ceterizine- second generation h1 antagonist that has lower VD- does not cross BBB so no sedative effect

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9
Q

What are some adverse effects of h1 antagonists

A

Sedation, paradoxical excitation, anticholinergic effects, iatrogenic Cushing with temparil P

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10
Q

Which h1 antagonist contains prednisolone

A

Temparil P

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11
Q

Which generation of h1 antagonists cause anticholinergic effects

A

First generation

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12
Q

What is oclacitinib labeled for

A

Treatment of pruritic atopic dermatitis

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for oclacitinib

A

Competitive inhibitor of JAK1/JAK3–> inhibits signaling in target cells due to inflammatory cytokines

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lokivetmab

A

Caninized monoclonal antibody to IL-31, so can’t activate JAK1/2 pathways, reduces the perception of itch

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16
Q

What are some adverse effects of lokivetmab

A

Erythema, anorexia

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17
Q

What is cyclosporine A indicated for

A

Labeled: atopic dermatitis in dogs and cats
ELDU: keratoconjunctivitis sicca and autoimmune disorders

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine A

A

Blocks calcineurin so can’t form NFAT which promotes production of IL-2

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19
Q

What is tacrolimus indicated for

A

ELDU- atopic dermatitis and auto-immune dz

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tacrolimus

A

Blocks calcineurin so can’t form NFAT which promotes production of IL-2

21
Q

What are some adverse effects of calcineurin inhibitors

A

All species: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, hypersensitivity, gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis

Dogs: DM
Cats: hepatic lipodosis

22
Q

What are some contraindications of cyclosporine A

A

Hx of malignant neoplasia, use of live vaccines, FIV or FeLV positive, latent toxoplasma gondii

23
Q

What is dimethylsulfoxide indicated for

A
  1. Labeled for reduction of inflammation secondary to trauma in dogs and horses
  2. Commonly used as systemic anti-inflammatory in horses
  3. Chronic endometritis in horses
  4. Any inflammatory condition
24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dimethylsulfoxide

A

Traps oxygen radicals and therefore reduces neutrophil and macrophage activity, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

25
Q

What are some adverse effects of dimethylsulfoxide

A

IV: hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, diarrhea, muscle tremors, colic, odor

Topical: burning sensation, erythema, vesisculation

26
Q

What is theophylline indicated for

A

ELDU: bronchoconstriction in dogs and cats, primarily used for coughs of unknown origin when all else fails

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action for theophylline

A

Inhibits smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting PDE IV, which increases cAMP. GS-linked adenosine receptors- increase cAMP

28
Q

What are some adverse effects of theophylline

A

CNS: nervousness, excitability, seizures
Cardiac: tachycardia to arrhythmia
Muscular: ataxia and tremors
Urinary: PU/PD
GI: nausea, vomiting, increased gastric pH

29
Q

What is ipratropium bromide indicated for

A

Bronchoconstriction in horses with RAO and small mammals- mostly feline asthma

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ipratropium bromide

A

Cholinergic antagonist- inhibits PNS tone, which increases normal SNS stimulation

31
Q

What are some side affects and contraindications for ipratropium bromide

A

Increased HR, decrease GI, urinary retention, increased IOP, hypertension, arrhythmias, colic, urinary obstruction

CI: glaucoma, hepatic or renal insufficiency, atropine hypersensitivity

32
Q

What receptor does albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline target

A

B2-agonists

33
Q

What is albuterol indicated for

A

Treatment of bronchoconstriction in dogs, cats and horses

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of albuterol

A

Directly stimulates relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles through B2 receptors

35
Q

What are some adverse effects of albuterol

A

Vasodilation, increased HR and contractility (B2 loses specificity at high dose and can target B1), decrease GI, increase insulin secretion, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipodosis, increase IOP

36
Q

What are some contraindications for albuterol

A

Cardiac dz including hypertension, hyperthyroidism, DM, low seizure threshold

37
Q

What is terbutaline indicated for

A
  1. Acute bronchoconstriction in cats, birds, reptiles
  2. Bradyarrythmias in dogs or cats
  3. Premature labor-suppressed uterine contractions
  4. Testing for anhidrosis in horses
38
Q

What is clenbuterol indicated for

A

Labeled for treatment of bronchoconstriction in horses/RAO

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clenbuterol

A

Activates B2 receptors on pulmonary macrophages which inhibits cytokine release- IL-1B and tNF-alpha

40
Q

What are some acute adverse effects of clenbuterol

A

Tachycardia, muscle tremors, increased serum creatinine kinase, sweating, restlessness, urticaria

41
Q

What are some chronic adverse effects of clenbuterol

A

Cardiac hypertrophy, suppression of cortisol response to exercise, altered immune function, reduced uterine tone and contractility, impaired reproductive function in males

42
Q

What are some contraindications for clenbuterol

A

Cardiac abnormalities, pregnancy

43
Q

What is fluticasone indicated for

A

Dogs-upper tracheobroncial disease
Cats: asthma
Horses: RAO but expensive

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fluticasone

A

Local pulmonary immunosuppression reducing inflammation and epithelial damage

45
Q

What are some adverse effects of fluticasone

A

Pharyngitis, upper respiratory infection, suppression of HPA, hypersensitivity, liver insufficiency

Pharmacology II (18 decks)

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