Lecture 20: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Flashcards
What is the major difference between bacterial and mammalian cells
Presence of rigid cell wall
The cell wall in bacterial cells protects cells from ____
Osmotic rupture
What structure in the bacterial cell wall is particularly important for rigidity and resistance to osmotic lysis
Peptidoglycan
Gram ___bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane
Positive
Gram ___bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane
Negative
Penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems are what type of antibiotics
B-lactams
What is the mechanism of action for b-lactams
Prevent the crosslinking/ transpeptidation
What antibiotic is a glycopeptide
Vancomycin
Are Cell wall inhibitors bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal
Cell wall inhibitors eventually result in cell death due to ___
Osmotic lysis
Protein synthesis inhibitors prevent the action of ___, therefore should not be used together
Cell wall inhibitors
Natural penicillin is extracted from culture of ___and semisynthetic penicillins are manufactured from ____
Penicillium chrysogenum, penicillin nucleus (6-amino penicillanic acid- 6-APA)
What is the chief structural requirement for the biological activity of penicillin
Penicillin nucleus
The antibacterial activity of penicillin resides in the ___
Intact b-lactam ring
___can split the B-lactam ring by enzymes or acids and result in loss of antibacterial action
B-lactamases
Natural penicillins have the highest antibacterial activity against ___
Gram positives
Natural penicillins cover what bacteria
- Gram positive
- Some gram negative
- Some anaerobes
Do natural penicillins have antipseudomonas activity
No
How are natural penicillins eliminated
Via kidney
Natural penicillins have poor ___penetration, unless their is inflammation
CNS
What natural penicillin has a short half life ~2hrs and is administered IV, IM
Penicillin G potassium
What natural Pencillin has a low concentration for 30days and is used prophylactically, administered IM
Penicillin G benzathine
What natural penicillin is used for everyday practice, longer half life ~10-20hrs, given IM
Penicillin G procaine
What natural penicillin is relatively acid resistant and therefore orally useful
Penicillin V
Natural penicillins are the drug of choice for what 4 bacteria
- Group A beta hemolytic streptococci
- Spirochetes
- Many Gram positive anaerobes
- Gram negative aerobic cocci
Penicillinase resistant penicillins (antistaphylococcal penicillins) have lower activity against what bacteria
Gram positive
Penicillinase resistant penicillins have coverage against what bacteria
- Some gram negative
- Some anaerobe
- Less gram positive
Penicillinase resistant penicillins is the drug of choice against ___
Penicillinase producing S. Aureus
Penicillinase resistant penicillins have ___metabolism and ___excretion
Hepatic, renal
What are the 3 examples of penicillinase resistance penicillins
- Oxacillin
- Cloxacillin
- Methicillin
What is methicillin used for
Diagnostic tool to determine if organism is resistant to methicillin which is a change in penicillin binding protein or if B-lactamase activity
What is oxacillin used for
Treatment of bone, soft tissue, and skin infections by penicillinase producing staphylococci
Oxacillin is used in what species
Dogs and horses
What is cloxacillin used for
Intramammary administration in dry and lactating dairy cattle
Extended spectrum penicillins have lower coverage of what bacteria
Gram positive
What bacteria do extended spectrum penicillins cover
- Gram negative bacteria
- Anaerobic coverage when combined with penicillinase inhibitor
Do extended spectrum penicillins have antipseudomonal activity
No
Extended spectrum penicillins are susceptible to ___
B-lactamase (why combine with penicillinase inhibitors to provide anaerobic coverage)
Can you give extended spectrum penicillins orally
Yes- acid resistant
Extended spectrum penicillins have ___excretion
Urinary
What are the two examples of extended spectrum penicillins
Amoxicillin and ampicillin
What are ampicillin and amoxicillin used for
Tx sensitive bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections
Which has better absorption: ampicillin or amoxicillin
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin and amoxicillin are FDA approved for what species
Dog, cats, cattle