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CAPS 391 > Lecture 8 & 9: CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 8 & 9: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system function

A

Receiving and processing impulses from external and internal environments
Initiating appropriate responses

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2
Q

Structural classification of nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Functional classification of nervous system

A

Somatic
Visceral (autonomic)
Enteric

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4
Q

Central nervous system structures

A

Brain and spinal cord
Brain: cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem
Protected by cranial cavity and vertebral canal

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5
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system structures

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Associated ganglia

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7
Q

CNS Functions

A

Process incoming sensory and outgoing motor messages

Higher mental activity: learning, memory, reasoning

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8
Q

CNS Gray matter

A

Nerve cell bodies
Bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres
Non-neuronal supportive cells - neuroglia

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9
Q

CNS White matter

A

Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers - tracts

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10
Q

Spinal cord nervous tissue

A

Gray matter forms H shaped core, surrounded by white matter

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11
Q

Brain nervous tissue

A

Thin gray matter cortex surrounds white matter core

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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13
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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14
Q

Embryonic development of the brain

A

3 weeks: solid tube
5 weeks: expands and folds
13 weeks: cerebrum grows faster and surrounds diencephalon; folds in 1 direction

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15
Q

Forebrain

A

AKA Prosencephalon
Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (structures surrounding 3rd ventricle)

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16
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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17
Q

Hindbrain

A

AKA rhombencephalon
Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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18
Q

Spinal cord

A

43-45cm in upper 2/3 of vertebral canal
Cylindrical structure
Starts at medulla oblongata at foramen magnum and ends at LI/LII intervertebral disc
Unrelated to height

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19
Q

Enlargement of spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement: more neurons to control upper limb muscles
Lumbar enlargement: more neurons to control lower limb muscles

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20
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Distal end of spinal cord tapers
Cone shaped
Around LI/LII intervertebral disc

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21
Q

Spinal cord grooves

A

Ventral (anterior) medial fissure [ventral/motor rootlets emerge on either side]
Dorsal (posterior) medium sulcus [dorsal/sensory rootlets emerge on either side]

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22
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Union of ventral and dorsal roots

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23
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Each dorsal root has dorsal root ganglion

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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24
Q

Spinal cord segment

A 
Each spinal cord has spinal nerve
31 segments
8 cervical
12 thoraic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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25
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

H shaped
Anterior/ventral horn (motor)
Posterior/dorsal horn (sensory)
Lateral horn (autonomic) - only present at T1-L2 (sympathetic) and S2-S4 (parasympathetic)
Halves are connected by gray commissure with central canal

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26
Q

Spinal cord white matter

A 
Surrounds gray matter
Ventral column
Lateral column
Dorsal column
Has ascending (sensory) tracts and descending (motor) tracts
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27
Q

Sensory Tracts of spinal cord

A

Relay sensory information from receptors
3 neurons (1st/2nd/3rd order)
1st order: in dorsal root ganglion
2nd order: either dorsal horn of spinal cord, or medulla oblongata
3rd order: thalamus
Then goes to sensory area of parietal lobe
*Some only have 2 neurons; it does not go to thalamus/cerebellum so does not reach conscious level

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28
Q

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway

A

Fine touch and conscious proprioception
1st ON: dorsal root ganglion and brought up spinal cord in dorsal column
2nd ON: medulla to either nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus, then decussates
3rd ON: thalamus and projects to primary somatosensory cortex

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29
Q

Spinocerebellar pathways

A

Unconscious proprioception of trunk and lower limbs
1st ON: dorsal root ganglion
2nd ON: in posterior horn at the same level and ascends on the ipsilateral side in lateral column to project to cortex of cerebellum

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30
Q

Lateral spinothalamic pathway

A

Temperature and pain
1st ON: dorsal root ganglion
2nd ON: posterior horn and immediately decussates and ascends in contralateral side of the spinal cord
3rd ON: thalamus and projects to the primary somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

Anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

Non discriminative (crude) touch

32
Q

Motor tracts of spinal cord

A

Motor instruction from frontal lobe or nuclei in brainstem
2 neurons: upper motor neuron (in cerebrum [voluntary contraction] or brainstem [muscle tone]) and lower motor neuron (in brainstem to cranial nerves or anterior horn of spinal cord)

33
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

Skeletal muscles of limbs and trunks

Ex. Lateral and ventral corticospinal tract

34
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts

A

Regulating subconscious/postural body movements

Ex. Rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal

35
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

UMN in motor cortex of cerebrum
Lateral corticospinal tract: axons decussate at pyramid in medulla and continue down lateral column to LMN in ventral horn; 80% of pathways; targets limbs
Anterior corticospinal tract: axons descend in anterior column and decussate at level of spinal cord before synapsing with LMN in ventral horn; 20% pathways; targets core muscles

36
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

UMN in red nucleus of midbrain

Axons decussate at midbrain and descend through medulla and lateral column before synapsing with LMN in ventral horn

37
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

38
Q

Functions of brainstem

A

Passage for ascending and descending tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
Contains nuclei for CNIII-XII
Regulates autonomic behaviours

39
Q

Medulla

A 
Pyramidal 
Separated from pons by ponto-medullary sulcus
Pyramid
Olive
Inferior olivary nucleus
Medial lemniscus pathway
Reticular formation
CN IX, X, XI, XII emerge
Nucleus of CN V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
4th cerebral ventricle
40
Q

Reticular formation

A

Intranet of CNS
Cluster of nuclei
Keeps you awake/level of alertness

41
Q

Pons

A

Anterior is convex with basilar sulcus filled with basilar artery
CN V, VI, VII, VIII emerge; also contains their nuclei
White matter has ascending and descending tracts (Ex. medial lemniscus pathway)
Pontine nuclei
Reticular formation
4th ventricle

42
Q

Midbrain

A 
Cerebral peduncles
Superior colliculus + nucleus
Inferior colliculus + nucleus
Cerebral aqueduct
Nucleus of CN III, IV, V
Ascending and descending pathways
Reticular formation
Red nucleus 
Substantia Nigra
43
Q

Pyramid

A

On either side of the median anterior fissure of medulla

44
Q

Olive

A

Lateral to pyramid in medulla

45
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Cooperates with cerebellum to learn new motor skills

46
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

Relay center for motor pathways between cerebrum and cerebellum and coordinates voluntary movement

47
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

2 columns anteriorly containing descending pathways

Ex. Corticospinal and corticobulbar = crus cerebra

48
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Pair in posterior midbrain

Visual reflexes

49
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Pair in posterior midbrain

Auditory reflexes

50
Q

Red nucleus

A

Rubrospinal tract
Coordinates with cerebellum for fine movements
Lesions lead to intention tremor

51
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Regulates movements/coordination of gross movements
Linked to basal ganglia
Lesions lead to Parkinson’s disease = resting tremor

52
Q

Cerebellum

A

2 cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis
Folia: folds in cerebellum, separated by grooves/sulci
Largest sulcus is primary fissure dividing it into the anterior and posterior lobe
Gray matter forms cerebellar cortex and surrounds white matter = arbor vitae; containing 4 pairs of cerebellar nuclei

53
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Coordination of voluntary movements and maintenance of posture and balance

54
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Cerebellum is behind medulla and pons
Superior cerebellar peduncle: to red nucleus of midbrain and thalamus
Middle cerebellar peduncle: to pontine nuclei of pons
Inferior cerebellar peduncle: to medulla

55
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain
Surrounds 3rd ventricle
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
56
Q

Thalamus

A

Cluster of nuclei as a relay centre for senses (except smell) before the cortex
Egg shaped

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior and medial to thalamus
Center of autonomic nervous system: regulates appetite, blood pressure, body temperature etc.
Regulates endocrine system through pituitary gland

58
Q

Epithalamus

A

Posterior and superior to thalamus

Contains pineal gland: regulates circadian rhythm and melanin in skin

59
Q

Cerebrum

A

Outer cerebral cortex and inner white matter with nuclei
Anterior and middle cranial fossa
L and R cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
Folds: gyrus
Grooves: sulcus

60
Q

Lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal: initiate motor impulses, higher order thinking/reasoning, judging
Parietal: general sensory cortex (touch, temperature, pain)
Temporal: auditory, taste
Occipital: visual

61
Q

Sulci separating the lobes of the brain

A

Central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus: separates parietal and temporal and frontal
Pareto-occipital sulcus: separates parietal and occipital

62
Q

Basal ganglia/nuclei

A

Cluster of nuclei in the white matter
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Leniform (head) - contains putamen and globes pallidus
Coordination of motor function

63
Q

Classification of white matter in CNS

A

Commissural fibers: connecting similar regions of the L and R hemisphere (crosses midline) Ex. corpus callous
Projection fibers: ascending and descending fibers connecting cortex to lower centers of CNS Ex. internal capsule
Association fibers: connecting different areas of the same hemisphere

64
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

Cerebral ventricles have choroid plexus which secretes cerebrospinal fluid
2 lateral ventricles in cerebral hemisphere; has anterior, posterior and inferior horn; connects to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle: in between diencephalon; connects to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle: in brainstem and connects to central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space

65
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fluid extracted from blood plasma to surround CNS
Cushion against trauma
Protects brain from acceleration/deceleration
Carries waste away from the brain

66
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes of connective tissue
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

67
Q

Dura mater

A

Attaches to inner surface of neurocranium
Ends at level of vertebra SII
In the skull, composed of outer periosteal layer (attached to inner cranial cavities) and inner meningeal layer separates from periosteal layer)

68
Q

Dural reflections

A

Partitions to divide cranial cavity
Falx cerebra: Dura mater occupying longitudinal fissure partially separating cerebral hemispheres
Tentorium cerebella: horizontal sheet between cerebellum and occipital lobe, notched anteriorly for the mibrain
Falx cerebelli: vertical reflection of dura mater in sagittal plane along the vermis separating the cerebellar hemispheres

69
Q

Dura sinus

A

Drain venous blood of the brain to the circulatory system

70
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Loose connective tissue attached to inner dura mater

Involved in the circulation of CSF (does not produce it)

71
Q

Epidural space

A

Dura mater separated from vertebral canal
Filled with fat
Only in spinal cord, does not exist in skull

72
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Separates arachnoid and pia mater
Filled with CSF
Surrounds spinal cord and continues inferiorly until level of SII vertebrae
In skull and spinal cord

73
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Space between end of spinal cord at LI/LII and vertebrae SII
Contains roots of spinal nerves and CSF

74
Q

Arachnoid granulations (villi)

A

Finger like projects of arachnoid mater in the superior part of the brain to drain CSF information dural sinuses

75
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate thin layer of connective tissue attached to the brain and spinal cord
Carries blood vessels for nutrients/oxygen to the CNS

76
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Lateral triangular extensions of Pia mater that anchor spinal cord to arachnoid and dura mater

77
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extension of pia mater from conus medullaris extending inferiorly and fuses with arachnoid and dura mater to anchor spinal cord to coccyx

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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