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CAPS 391 > Lecture 15: Muscular System Upper Limb > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Muscular System Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles attaching upper limb to trunk

A 
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
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2
Q

Muscles of upper limb

A 
Scapular
Deltoid
Arm
Forearm
Hand
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3
Q

Rotator cuff

A 
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Function: reinforce shoulder joint capsule (except the inferior aspect) and stabilize the joint
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4
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Origin: supraspinous fossa
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Function: prime mover for abduction of shoulder for first 30 degrees
Nerve: branch of brachial plexus

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5
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Origin: infraspinous fossa
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Function: lateral rotation of shoulder
Nerve: branch of brachial plexus

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6
Q

Subscapularis

A

Origin: subscapular fossa
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Function: prime mover for medial rotation of shoulder
Nerve: 2 branches of brachial plexus

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7
Q

Deltoid

A

Origin: clavicle, acromian, spine of scapula (U shaped)
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Function: prime mover of abduction of shoulder from 30-90 degrees
Nerve: axillary nerve of brachial plexus

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8
Q

Muscles of arm

A

Contains 2 compartments made by humerus and extensions of deep fascia/inter-muscular septum attaching to humerus
Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment

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9
Q

Anterior compartment of arm

A 
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Mainly flex shoulder/elbow joints
Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve of brachial plexus
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10
Q

Posterior compartment of arm

A

Triceps brachii
Mainly extend shoulder/elbow joints
Innervated by radial nerve of brachial plexus

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11
Q

Biceps brachii

A

2 heads
Origin: long head - above glenoid fossa, short head - corocoid process
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Function: flexor of elbow, weak flexor of shoulder, prime mover for supination of forearm
Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve

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12
Q

Brachialis

A

Origin: anterior surface of humerus
Insertion: ulnar tuberosity
Function: prime mover for flexion of elbow
Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve

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13
Q

Triceps brachii

A

3 heads
Origin: long head - scapula below glenoid fossa, lateral/medial head - posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: olecranon process
Function: prime mover for extension of elbow, only long head extends shoulder
Nerve: radial nerve

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14
Q

Muscles of forearm

A

Has anterior and posterior compartments

Divided by radius, ulna, interosseous membrane, extension of deep fascia attaching to radius

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15
Q

Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Subdivided into superficial (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis), intermediate (flexor digitorum superficialis), deep (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus) layer
Most common origin: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
Insertion: radius, metacarpals, phalanges
Involved in pronation of forearm, flexion of wrist and fingers
Innervated by median or ulnar nerves

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16
Q

Posterior compartment of forearm

A

Subdivided into superficial (brachioradialis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris) and deep (supinator, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis) layer
Most common origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
Insertion: radius, metacarpals, phalanges
Involved in supination of forearm, extension of fingers and wrist
Innervated by radial nerve

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17
Q

Extensor hood or dorsal digital expansion

A

Tendons of extensor muscles form triangular expansion on dorsal proximal phalanges
Receives tendons of lumbricals and interossei muscles
Inserts to middle and distal phalanges

18
Q

Extensor retinaculum

A

Holds tendons of muscles in the posterior compartment by thickening of deep fascia
Passes behind wrist

19
Q

Pronator teres

A

Superficial layer of anterior compartment of forearm
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: shaft or radius
Function: prime mover for pronation of forearm
Nerve: median nerve

20
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Superficial layer of anterior compartment of forearm
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bone
Function: flexion of wrist, abduction of wrist (radial deviation)
Nerve: median nerve

21
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

Thick band of dense connective tissue
Transversely passes in front of wrist
Holds all muscles of anterior compartment of forearm to increase overall efficiency

22
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Intermediate layer of anterior compartment of forearm
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: tendons splits into 4 and inserts to middle phalange of fingers 2-5
Function: flexor of wrist, flexor of metacarpal phalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints
Nerve: median nerve

23
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Deep layer of anterior compartment of forearm
Origin: ulna
Insertion: distal phalangeal of fingers 2-5
Function: prime mover for flexion of wrist and all joints in fingers
Nerve: fingers 2-3 - median nerve, fingers 4-5 - ulnar nerve

24
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A

Deep layer of anterior compartment of forearm
Origin: radius
Insertion: distal phalange of thumb
Function: prime mover for flexion of thumb
Nerve: median nerve

25
Q

Brachioradialis

A

*Physically sits in anterior compartment and flexes forearm, but is innervated by radial nerve
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: styloid process of radius
Function: flexion of elbow (prime mover from 90-110 degrees)
Nerve: radial nerve

26
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: middle and distal phalange of fingers 2-5
Function: prime mover for extension of fingers and wrist
Nerve: radial nerve

27
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: 5th metacarpal bone
Function: extension of wrist and adduction of wrist (ulnar deviation)
Nerve: radial nerve

28
Q

Supinator

A 
Deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Origin: ulna and humerus
Insertion: radius
Function: supination of forearm
Nerve: radial nerve
29
Q

Extensor indicis

A

Deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Origin: ulna
Insertion: middle and distal phalange of index finger
Function: extends index finger independently
Nerve: radial nerve

30
Q

Abductor pollicis longus

A

Deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Origin: posterior shaft of ulna
Insertion: 1st metacarpal bone and proximal phalange of thumb
Function: prime mover for abduction of thumb
Nerve: radial nerve

31
Q

Intrinsic muscles of hand

A

19 muscles
3 groups:
Thenar
Hypothenar
Central (lumbricals, palmar/dorsal interossei, adductor pollicis)
Mainly innervated by ulnar nerve, some by median nerve

32
Q

Thenar group of hand

A

Origin: carpal bones
Insertion: 1st metacarpal bone or proximal phalanage of thumb
Function: forms thenar eminence at base of thumb and moves thumb (abduction, flexion, opposition)
Nerve: median nerve

33
Q

Hypothenar group of hand

A

Origin: carpal bone
Insertion: 5th metacarpal bone or proximal phalange of 5th finger
Function: forms hypothenar eminence at base of pinky and moves pinky (abduction, flexion, opposition)
Nerve: ulnar nerve

34
Q

Central group of hand

A

Deep to the thickening of deep fascia of palm of hand = palmar aponeurosis
Protects soft tissues at the center of the palm
Contains adductor pollicis (only muscle in central group that moves thumb), lumbricals, dorsal and palmar interossei

35
Q

Lumbricals

A

4 superficial worm-like muscles underneath palmar aponeurosis of hand
Origin: tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: middle and distal phalange of fingers 2-5
Function: flexion of metacarpal phalangeal joints, and extension of proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (tata movement)
Nerve: half by median, and half by ulnar nerve

36
Q

Interossei

A

Origin: metacarpal bone
Insertion: middle and distal phalange of fingers 2-5
Function: palmar - adduction of fingers (2, 4, 5), dorsal - abduction of fingers (2-4)
Nerve: ulnar nerve

37
Q

Transitional areas of upper limb

A

Major blood vessels and nerves pass from one region to the next
Axilla
Cubital fossa
Carpal tunnel

38
Q

Axilla

A

Pyramidal space between root of neck and shoulder (armpit)
Axillary artery and vein, cords of brachial plexus pass through
Has 4 walls, base, apex
Anterior wall: pectorialis major and minor
Medial wall: thoracic wall (until 5th rib) and serratus anterior muscle
Posterior wall: subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, scapula
Lateral wall: intertubercular groove of humerus
Base: skin of armpit
Apex: behind middle third of clavicle

39
Q

Cubital fossa

A

In front of elbow
Median and radial nerves, and brachial artery pass through
Triangular space
Lateral: brachioradialis muscle
Medial: pronator teres
Superior: imaginary line joining medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus

40
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

Wrist
Fibro-osseous tunnel by carpal bones and thickening of deep fascia (flexor retinaculum) in front of wrist
Contains tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, median nerve

41
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

All tendons are double wrapped by synovial membrane which produces fluid to minimize friction between tendons and flexor retinaculum
Overuse of muscles causes tendons and membranes to be inflammed causing swelling which compresses the median nerve
Causes weakness in thenar muscles
Also caused by pregnancy, hypothyroidism, collagen vascular disease

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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