Lecture 1: Overview of Anatomy Flashcards
Define anatomy and its 3 major division
Ana = separate; tomy = cut
3 major divisions: Macroscopic (gross): structures of the body to the naked eye
Microscopic (histology): study structures at the tissue and cellular level
Developmental: different phases from fertilization to puberty.
Differentiate between regional and systemic
Regional: target a specific region (ex. neck) and discuss all structures in that region.
Systemic: studying one organ system at a time
Surface anatomy: using both systemic and regional approach
Standard anatomical plane
Person standing upright, head level facing forward, upper limbs are at side with palms forward, lower limbs are parallel and feel are flat on the floor with toes forward
Prone vs Supine
Prone: body is lying faced down
Supine: body is lying faced up
Anatomical planes
Sagittal: vertical plane dividing L/R. Midsagittal creates 2 symmetric halves. Parasagittal creates 2 asymmetric halves.
Coronal/Frontal: vertical plane creating a front and back.
Transverse/Horizontal: divides body into upper and lower half
Anterior vs Posterior
Anterior (ventral): closer to the front
Posterior (dorsal): closer to the back
Medial vs Lateral
Medial: closer to the midline (mid-sagittal plane)
Lateral: away from the midline
Superior vs Inferior
Superior (cranial): closer to the head
Inferior (caudal): closer to the tail/feet
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal: closer to the root of the structure
Distal: farther from the root of the structure
Superficial vs Deep
Superficial: closer to the surface of the body
Deep: Away from the surface of the body
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body
Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body
Internal vs External
Internal: inside a body cavity
External: outside a body cavity
Palm vs Dorsum vs Sole
Palm: anterior aspect of the hand
Dorsum: posterior aspect of the foot/hand (veins are visible on this side)
Sole (plantar): inferior aspect of the foot
Extension vs Flexion
Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between parts of the body
Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between parts of the body
Abduction vs Adduction
Abduction: moving away from the midline or axis of the body parts (axis of the hand is the 3rd finger; axis of the foot is the 2nd toe)
Adduction: Moving toward the midline or axis of the body parts
Medial vs Lateral Rotation
Medial rotation: turning a body part towards the midline
Lateral rotation: turning a body part away from the midline
Pronation vs Supination
Pronation: rotation of forearm so palm faces backwards
Supination: rotation of forearm so palm faces forward
Eversion vs Inversion
Eversion: turning sole of the foot outward
Inversion: turning sole of the foot inward
Plantar vs Dorsal Flexion
Plantar flexion: moving foot away from the shin (flexion of the ankle joint)
Dorsal flexion: moving foot towards the shin (extension of the ankle joint)
Elevation vs Depression
Elevation: upwards movement of the body part
Depression: downwards movement of the body part
Protraction vs Retraction
Protraction: forward movement of the body part
Retraction: backward movement of the body part
Circumduction
Circular movement of body part combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and/or rotations
Opposition
Movement of thumb to touch other finger tips
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous gland, erector pills muscles, subcutaneous layer
Protects body against fluid loss, injury, infection, temperature regulation, collect sensory information
Skeletal System
Bones, bone marrow, cartilages, joints, ligaments
Support and protect different organs, body movement
Nervous System
Central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves with associated ganglia)
Collecting and processing information from internal/external sources and regulate function of other systems
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles and tendon
Locomotion
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Distributes oxygen, nutrients, hormones, chemicals to tissues and pick up deoxygenated blood and tissue waste material
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels
Defense mechanism of body, absorbs fat from GI tract, monitors contact of lymph and blood
Respiratory System
Upper and lower airways, lungs, plural membrane
Gas exchange between environment and blood
Digestive System
Alimentary canal, liver, pancreas
Injection, digestion, absorption, elimination of digested material
Urinary System
Kidneys, urethra, urinary bladder, ureters
Blood filtration, water maintenance, ionic balance
Reproductive System
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
Male: testes, penis, ducts and glands
Gametes are products, and female system fertilizes, incubates the fertilized egg and delivers the fetus
Endocrine System
Pineal gland, hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreases, gonads
Regulatory mechanism and releases hormones
Head (cephalic)
Skull (cranium)
Face (facial)
Torso (trunk)
Back
Thorax
Abdominen
Pelvis
Upper Limb
Shoulder (pectoral, scapular, deltoid, axilla)
Arm (brachial)
Elbow (antecubital)
Forearm (antebrachium)
Hand (manual) (carpus/wrist, metacarpus, digits/fingers, pollex/thumb)
Lower Limb
Gluteal Thigh (femoral) Knee (patellar) Leg (crural) Foot (pedal) (tarsus/ankle, metatarsus, digits/toes, hallux/big toe)
4 Quadrants
Made up of mid-sagittal plane and trasnumbilical plane (across umbilicus/navel) Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant
4 Quadrants
Made up of mid-sagittal plane and trasnumbilical plane (across umbilicus/navel) Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant
9 Regions
Made up of 2 vertical lines (midclavicular lines) and 2 horizontal lines (subcostal and trans tubercular) Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region (spleen) Right lumbar/iliac region Umbilical region (gallbladder) Left lumbar/iliac region Right inguinal/groin region Hypogastric region (appendix, bladder) Left inguinal/groin region
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity (brain) Vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity (trachea, esophagus, heart, lungs) Abdominal cavity (digestive and urinary system) Pelvis cavity (urinary and reproductive system) Thoracic and abdominal cavity divided by diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial/inferior mediastinum (heart)
Plural (lungs)
Superior mediastinum (trachea, esophagus)
