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CAPS 391 > Lecture 3: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral Column

A

26 bones
Bears and transfers body weight, protects spinal cord, provides passage for spinal nerves
70 cm

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2
Q

5 regions of vertebral column

A 
Cervial (CI-CVII)
Thoracic (TI-TXII)
Lumbar (LI-LV)
Sacral (SI-SV) 5 fused vertebrae
Coccygeal 4-5 fused vertebrae
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3
Q

Primary vs Secondary curvature

A

Primary: curves present at birth - thoracic, sacral
Secondary: curves acquired after birth - cervical (2-3 months), lumbar (1-1.5 years old)

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4
Q

Dynamic vs Static curves

A

Dynamic: changing - cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Static: unchanging - sacral

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5
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated thoracic curvature

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6
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated lumbar curvature (pregnancy)

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7
Q

Scoliosis

A

Pathological lateral curvature

Most have scoliosis of 5 degrees

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8
Q

Main features of typical vertebrae

A

Body (anteriorly)
Vertebral arch: pedicles and laminae (posteriorly)
Body and vertebral arch surround vertebral foramen which contains vertebral canal
Transverse processes
Spinous process
Articular processes

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9
Q

Body of vertebrae

A

Increases in size throughout vertebral column for increased forces

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10
Q

Pedicles

A

2 bony projects extending posterolaterally from body
Has superior and inferior vertebral notches which form intervertebral foramen for spinal nerves and associated structures

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11
Q

Laminae

A

2 bony ridges posteromedially forming the midline

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12
Q

Transverse process

A

Lateral extension from junction of pedicle and laminae

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13
Q

Spinous process

A

Posterior projection from junction of laminae

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14
Q

Articular process

A

At junction of pedicles and laminae
Superior articular processes articulate with inferior articular process above
Smooth part of the articular process = facet

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15
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae features

A

CIII-CVI

Has bifurcated spinous process and transverse foramen

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16
Q

Atlas

A

CI
Has 2 lateral masses (instead of body) connected by anterior and posterior arch (instead of vertebral arch)
Superior surface of lateral mass articulates with occipital condyle
Inferior surface articulates with CII; anterior arch articulates with odontoid process
Has transverse foramen

17
Q

Axis

A

CII
Pivot for rational movements of head
Superior surface is odontoid process (dens axis) that articulates with anterior arch of CI
2 articular processes lateral to odontoid process to articulate with lateral mass
Bifid spinous process
transverse foramen

18
Q

CVII

A

Largest spinous process
Not bifurcated
Known as prominent vertebra

19
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae

A

TII-TIX
Costal facets on side of body and transverse process
Long slender spinous process pointing inferiorly

20
Q

Typical lumbar vertebrae

A

LI-LV

Large body and short thick spinous process

21
Q

Sacrum articulation

A

Apex of bone points inferiorly and articulates with coccyx

Base of bone faces superiorly and articulates with 5th lumbar vertebrae

22
Q

Auricular surface

A

L shaped surrface that articulates with hip bone

Lateral side of sacrum

23
Q

Anterior surface of sacrum

A

Smoother and concave
4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina (anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves)
Sacral ala (triangular surface on either side of body)
Body
Sacral promontory (landmark in pregnancy)
Transverse ridges separating bodies (previously intervertebral discs)

24
Q

Posterior view of sacrum

A

Rougher (due to sacral crests) and convex
4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina (posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves)
Median sacral crest (remnants of spinal process)
Sacral canal (continuation of vertebral column)
Sacral hiatus (opening at SV - laminae fail to fuse; used to paralyze only the lower limbs)

25
Q

Lumbarization vs Sacralization

A

Lumbarization: 1st sacral vertebrae doesn’t fuse = 6th lumbar vertebrae
Sacralization: 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses
Both cause severe lower back pain

26
Q

Coccyx

A

Small triangular bone by fusion of 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae
Base articulates with SV
Apex is free

27
Q

Sternum

A

Flat bone for anterior thoracic wall
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

28
Q

Manubrium

A

Trapezoid bony plate
Superior surface = jugular notch/suprasternal notch
On either side = clavicular notch
Articular surface on lateral side for 1st costal cartilage

29
Q

Body

A

Convex anteriorly

Articular surfaces on side for costal cartilage of ribs II-VII

30
Q

Sternal angle

A

Level of TIV and TV vertebrae
Articulates manubrium and body
Opens posteriorly (2 inches below jugular notch) forming short horizontal bony ridge at 2nd costal cartilage

31
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Curves posteriorly
Articulates with body via xiphisternal joint
7th costal cartilage articulates with sides of this joint

32
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs
Posterior end (head) articulates with thoracic vertebrae
Anterior end of 1st 7 pairs articulate with sternum
Separated by intercostal spaces (contains intercostal muscles, nerves, vessels)

33
Q

True ribs

A

1-7

Articulates with sternum via costal cartilage

34
Q

False ribs

A

8-12
8-10 articulates with sternum through 7th costal cartilage
11-12 do not articulate with sternum = free/floating ribs

35
Q

Typical ribs

A

3-9
Head articulates with costal facet of thoracic vertebrae at same level and level above
Neck extends between head and costal tubercle
Tubercle: small bony elevation articulates with costal facet of transverse transverse of thoracic vertebrae at same level
Body: thin bony plate that curves anterolaterally at costal angle (most fractures happen here)
Costal groove: medial inferior border of internal surface for intercostal nerves and vessels

36
Q

Cervical rib

A

13th pair of ribs

CVII transverse process gives rise to a rib

37
Q

Thoracic cage

A 
Protects organs (heart, lungs)
Conical bony cavity of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum
Apex: at neck; vertebrae TI, first ribs, superior surface of manubrium = superior thoracic aperture
Base/interior thoracic aperture: vertebrae TXII, 11&12 ribs, costal margin (costal carnage of ribs VII-X), xiphoid proces; sealed by diagraphram

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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