Lecture 23 & 24 & 25: Digestive System Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

Digestive system

A

Organs involved in ingestion, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of indigestible materials
Provides nutrients for cells for energy, growth, repair

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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Muscular tube from mouth to anus, 9m long

Composed of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

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3
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Assist in ingestion and digestion of food

Composed of teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

Oral cavity

A

Bound by mucosal folds (lips) made of orbicularis oris
Roof: anterior 2/3 hard palate (maxilla and palatine bones), and posterior 1/3 soft palate (separating the oral cavity and nasopharynx during swallowing)
Posterior border: uvula - conical soft tissue
Floor: suprahyoid muscle
Behind oral cavity is pharynx
Border between oral cavity and pharynx: oropharyngeal isthmus

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5
Q

Dental arch

A

Vestibule: part of oral cavity outside dental arch (horse shoed shape)
Oral cavity proper: remaining space behind dental arch

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6
Q

Frenulum

A

Short mucosal folds that attach lips or tongue to gum
Upper lip attached via superior labial frenulum
Lower lip attached via inferior labial frenulum
Tongue attached via lingual frenulum
Function: prevent excess movement of lips/tongue

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7
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

From posterior border of soft palate are 2 folds

Connects soft palate to tongue; anterior fold

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8
Q

Palatopharyngeal arch

A

Connects soft palate to wall of pharynx; posterior fold

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9
Q

Tonsilar fossa

A

Between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

Contains the palatine tonsil

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10
Q

Oral pharyngeal isthmus

A

Connects oral cavity proper to oropharynx

Formed by palatoglossal arches

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11
Q

Composition of teeth

A

Crown: above level of gum/gingiva
Neck: narrow part of tooth in touch with gingiva connecting crown and root
Root: embedded in alveolar bone of upper/lower jaw; attaches cementum to alveolar bone via periodontal ligament

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12
Q

Calcified tissues of teeth

A

Dentin: makes up core, calcified tissue
Enamel: extra protection in the crown region
Cementum: extra protection in the root region

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13
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Large space in dentin
Contains loose connective tissue, blood vessles, nerves, lymphatic vessels
Root canal: extension of pulp cavity in root

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14
Q

Nerve supply of teeth

A

Branches of CNV through root canal and pulp cavity

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15
Q

Tongue

A

Superior surface: dorsal surface
Posterior end: epiglottis and entrance of larynx
Involved in swallowing, phonation, tasting, chewing

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16
Q

Dorsal surface of tongue

A

Terminal sulcus: reverse V shaped line dividing tongue into posterior 1/3 or root of tongue or pharyngeal part of tongue, and anterior 2/3 or body of tongue or oral part of tongue

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17
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Made of skeletal muscles
Has epithelial papilla
Circumvallate papilla: largest, single row in front of terminal sulcus
Foliate papilla: on L/R border of tongue
Fungiform papilla: evenly scattered on dorsal surface, looks like mushrooms
Filiform papilla: small, thin
All papillae except filiform papilla contain taste buds
Filiform papilla increase friction of tongue to move bolus around oral cavity more efficiently

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18
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Primarily made up of lymphoid tissue

Contains lingual tonsils

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19
Q

Nerve supply of tongue

A

Anterior 2/3:
CNVII provides special taste
CNV provides general sense (pain, touch, temperature)
Posterior 1/3:
CNIX provides special taste and general sense

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube, 25cm
Starts at CVI (end of laryngopharynx) through neck, superior and posterior mediastinum, diaphragm, and ends at stomach at TXi

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21
Q

Borders of esophagus

A

Posterior: lower cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Anterior: trachea and L atrium of heart
Left: arch of aorta which continues as descending aorta

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22
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that produces serous fluid to keep abdominal organs most and facilitate movement
(In lungs = pleural, heart = pericardium, joints = synovial membrane)

23
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Peritoneum in touch with viscera

24
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Peritoneum in touch with abdominal/pelvic cavity

25
Intraperitoneal organs
Organs completely invested by peritoneum Relatively mobile Liver, stomach, transverse colon, coils of small intestine
26
Retroperitoneal organs
Organs partially covered by peritoneum, located between parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall Generally fixed in position and can't move Pancreas, duodenum, rectum urinary bladder
27
Peritoneal reflections
Forms pathways for blood vessels and nerves to reach parts of the digestive system and eliminate risk of entanglement Coronary ligament: short double layer attached to superior surface of liver and diaphragm Lesser omentum (gastohepatic ligament): double layer between liver and stomach Greater omentum: quadruple layer from stomach indirectly to transverse colon Transverse mesocolon: double layer from posterior transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall Sigmoid mesocolon: from sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall Mesentery: largest; from coils of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
28
Stomach
Cardia: where esophagus meets stomach; guarded by cardiac sphincter; malfunction results in heart burn Fundus: above the level the cardia Body: between fundus and pyloric part Pyloric part: after body narrows (pyloric atrium, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter/pylorus) - controls passage to duodenum Has lesser curvature (attachment of lesser omenutm) and greater curvature (attachment of greater omentum) Rugae: longitudinal folds enabling stomach to expand, will disappear when stomach is full
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Duodenum
Length and width are same (12 fingers side by side) 4 segments forming C shape: superior, descending, inferior, ascending Attaches to rest of small intestine Retroperitoneal organ
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Jejunum
Forms proximal/upper 2/5 of small intestine Found it in umbilical region Has thicker walls, narrow lumen, more blood supply than ileum Intraperitoneal organ
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Ileum
Forms distal 3/5 of small intestine Found in hypogastric region Intraperitoneal organ Joins large intestine at ileocecal junction
32
Cecum
Receives appendix at the bottome (2-20cm) | Ileocecal valve controls passage between ileum and cecum
33
Ascending colon
Found in R lumbar area | Continues to inferior surface of liver, and bends sharply as transverse colon at hepatic/ R colic flexure
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Transverse colon
Continues left of abdominal cavity Intraperitoneal organ Ends at splenic/L colic flexure to descending colon
35
Descending colon - Anus
Found in L lumbar area Retroperitoneal Continues as sigmoid colon (intraperitoneal) to rectum in pelvic cavity (retroperitoneal) to anal canal guarded by external anal sphincter
36
Teniae coli
3 bands of smooth muscles fibers along large intestine | During contraction, they produce pocket like folds = haustrum
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Rectum
Upper 2/3 is more dilated = ampiola | Distal 1/3 is more narrow and continues with anal canal
38
Anal sphincters
Internal anal sphincter: involuntary (smooth muscle fibers, controlled by ANS) External anal sphincter: volunary (skeletal muscle, controlled by pudendal nerve); control passage of fecal material from rectum to external environment
39
Hemorrhoidal veins
Veins are anal canal to shunt blood from portal system to anal system; during pathology of liver, they dilate causing hemorrhoids
40
Blood supply to digestive system
Celiac artery to stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum Superior mesenteric artery to lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, R 2/3 of transverse colon Inferior mesenteric artery to L 1/3 of transverse colon, rectum
41
Nerve supply to digestive system
Sympathetic fibers from thoracic splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve (until junction at R 2/3 and L 1/3 transverse colon), after innervated by pelvic splanchnic fibers (S2-S4)
42
Parotid gland
Largest deep to skin by ear, pierces mucosal membrane of oral cavity against 2nd upper molar, and drains into vestibule of oral cavity Secretion carried by parotid duct Controlled by parasympathetic fiber of CNIX
43
Submandibular gland
Deep to mandible Submandibular duct opens to floor of oral cavity behind incisor tooth Controlled by parasympathetic fiber of CNVII
44
Sublingual gland
Smallest Under tongue Secretion released to floor of oral cavity by numerous ducts Controlled by parasympathetic fiber of CNVII
45
Liver
Largest gland In R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac region Falciform ligament divides anterior surface into large R lobe and smaller L lobe (closely related to inferior vena cava and stomach) Gallbladder sticks out from inferior border of liver Porta hepatis in between 2 layers of lesser omentum attaching stomach and liver
46
Ligaments of liver
Coronary ligament: peritoneum reflects on itself under diaphragm; attaches superior liver to inferior diaphragm Falciform ligament: reflection on anterior surface; attaches liver to diaphragm and posterior surface of abdominal wall Round ligament of liver: remnant of fetal blood vessels which turns into a ligament after birth
47
Surfaces of liver
Diaphragmatic surfaces: superior R anterior and posterior surfaces of liver in touch with diaphragm Visceral surface: inferior surface; contains porta hepatis which includes common bile duct, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper
48
Lobes of liver
Caudate lobe: contains L side of inferior vena cava Quadrate lobe: contains L side of gallgladder Caudate and quadrate lobe are part of L lobe functionally (even though located on the R side of the falciform ligament
49
Gallbladder
Pear shaped structure Receives and dilutes bile from liver, concentrates it, and releases it to 2nd part of duodenum when needed Composed of fundus, body, neck
50
Process of bile production
Liver and duodenum = biliary system L/R hepatic duct: 2 small bile ducts drain bile from L/R lobe; they join together to form common hepatic duct Common hepatic duct and cystic duct from gallbladder form common bile duct L/R hepatic duct and common hepatic duct carry dilute bile from liver, and pass the dilute bile to gallbladder when joining the cystic duct (sphincter at the beginning of the common bile duct preventing passage of dilute bile into duodenum) Bile goes to gallbladder to become concentrated, and if needed, goes through common bile duct At the end of common hepatic duct, sphincter prevents passage of concentrated bile back to liver, so it goes to duodenum
51
Pancreas
Dual gland with endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (digestive enzymes) secretions; 98% exocrine Composed of head (almost encircled by duodenum), body (moves L), tail Tails touches hilum of spleen Before common bile duct empties bile into duodenum, it joins with pancreatic duct which carries exocrine secretions of pancreas, and will open to 2nd part of duodenum at major duodenal papilla
52
Blood supply for liver and pancreas
Branches of celiac artery
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Nerve supply for liver and pancreas
ANS celiac plexus: Sympathetic fibers - thoracic splanchic nerves Parasympathetic fibers - CNX