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CAPS 391 > Lecture 6 & 7: Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 6 & 7: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Functional/Physiological classification

A

Based on range of motion
Synarthrosis (very little, if any movement)
Amphyarthrosis (semi-movable)
Diarthrosis (Freely moveable)

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2
Q

Structural/Anatomical classification

A

Based on materials that bind bones together and presence of absence of a joint cavity
Solid
Synovial

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3
Q

Solid joints

A

Either synarthrosis or amphyarthrosis

Depends if it is made from dense connective tissue (fibrous) or cartilage (cartilaginous)

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4
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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5
Q

Suture

A

Thin fibrous tissue

Ex. Bones of the skull

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6
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Connected by membrane or ligament

Ex. Interosseous membrane of ulna/radius

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7
Q

Gomphoses

A 
Intervening ligament
Peridontal ligament (between roots of teeth and jaw)
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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses
Symphyses
*Elastic cartilage is not found in joints

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9
Q

Synchondroses

A

Hyaline cartilage
Ex. Growth plates of long bones
Ossified before puberty

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10
Q

Symphyses

A

Fibrocartilage disc
Ex. Public symphysis
Found in the midline

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11
Q

Synovial joints

A

Presence of cavity between bones
Held by fibrous capsule
Diarthrosis
Characterized by degrees of freedom

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12
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

Joint capsule: fibrous structure that surrounds joint and reinforced by ligaments
Joint/articular cavity: space enclosed by joints capsule
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of bones
Synovial membrane: lines internal joint surface (except articular surface)
Synovial cavity: space enclosed by synovial membrane
Synovial fluid: secreted by synovial membrane in synovial cavity to nourish hyaline and lubricate to facilitate movement
Continuous to periosteum and contains stem cells to repair bone fractures

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13
Q

Nonaxial joint

A

Plane
Articular surfaces are flat so they glide against each other
Ex. Intercarpal joints

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14
Q

Monoaxial joint

A

Hinge: flexion/extension. Ex. Elbow joint
Pivot: rotational movement. Ex. Proximal radioulnar joint

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15
Q

Biaxial

A

Ellipsoid/condyloid: flexion/ extension/ abduction/ adduction/ circumduction. Ex. Metacarpophalangeal joint
Saddle: flexion/ extension/ abduction/ adduction/ circumduction. Ex. First carpometacarpal joint

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16
Q

Multiaxial

A

Ball and socket: flexion/ extension/ abduction/ adduction/ medial and lateral rotations/ circumductions. Ex. shoulder joint

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense connective tissue that joins bones
Extrinsic ligament: separate from joint capsule
Intrinsic ligament: thickened part of joint capsule

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18
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs of connective tissue between moving structure (tendon/ligament) and joint capsule to minimize friction
Lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
Bursitis: overusing a muscle when tendon rubs against bursae too much, it becomes inflamed

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19
Q

Zygapophyseal/Facet joint

A

Synovial plane

Between superior and inferior articular processes

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20
Q

Intervertebral disc joint

A

Symphysis joint
Intervertebral disc has gelatinous nucleus pulposes which acts as a shock absorber
Anulus fibrosus is concentric layers of collagen to hold nucleus pulposes in place

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21
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Synovial pivot

Between anterior arch of CI and odontoid process of CII

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22
Q

Atlanto-occipital

A

Synovial condyloid

Between lateral mass of CI and occipital condyle

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23
Q

Ligaments of vertebral column

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament: along anterior surface of vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament: along posterior surface of vertebral bodies
Ligamentum flavus: connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
Interspinous ligament: between spinous process of adjacent vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament: joins tip of spinous process of adjacent vertebrae
Nuchal ligament: proximal extension of supraspinous ligament to neck region; fans out

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24
Q

Costovertebral joint

A

Synovial plane
Between head of rib and vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae at the same level and above
Between tubercle of rib and costal face on transverse process of thoracic vertebrae at the same level

25
Q

Sternocostal joint

A

Synchondroses for first pair of ribs
Synovial plane for the remaining
Between ribs and sternum via costal cartilage

26
Q

Manubriosternal joint

A

Symphysis
Between manubrium and body of sternum
Ossified with age

27
Q

Xiphisternal joint

A

Symphysis
Between body of sternum and xiphoid process
Ossified with age

28
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Synovial saddle
Between sternal end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
Fibrocartilage articular disc separating articular surfaces

29
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

Synovial plane
Between auricular surface of sacrum and hip bone
Ossified with age
Transfers body weight to lower limb

30
Q

Ligaments of pelvis

A

Anterior sacroiliac ligament
Posterior sacroiliac ligament
Sacrotuberous ligament: between sacrum and ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament: between sacrum to ischial spine

31
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Symphysis

Between left and right pubic parts of hip bone

32
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Synovial condyloid
Between mandibular fossa of temporal bone and condylar of mandible
Has fibrocartilage articular disc
Increases resistance of joint against oppressing forces

33
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Synovial plane

Between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

34
Q

Glenohumeral/shoulder joint

A

Synovial ball and socket
Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Surrounded by fibrocartilage glenoid labrum to increase depth and stability
Has sub deltoid bursa

35
Q

Ligaments of Upper limb at Shoulder joint

A

Coracoclavicular ligament: coracoid process of scapula and clavicle
Coracoacromial ligament: acromial process of scapula and coronoid process of scapula
Glenohumeral ligament: glenoid and humerus for anterior support

36
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Humero-Ulnar joint: synovial hinge; between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Humero-radial joint: synovial condyloid; between capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Proximal radio-ulnar joint: synovial pivot; between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
Involved in flexion/extension and rotational
*Humeroulnar and humeroradial are considered the elbow joint

37
Q

Radioulnar Joint

A

Proximal radio-ulnar: synovial pivot; between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
Middle radioulanr: syndesmosis; interosseous membrane of ulna and radius
Distal radioulnar: synovial pivot; between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius; has articular disc to separate from wrist
Involved in supination/pronation of forearm

38
Q

Ligaments of Elbow

A

Ulnar/medial collateral ligament
Radius/lateral collateral ligament
Annular ligament: wraps around head of radius against radial notch of ulna

39
Q

Radiocarpal joint

A

Synovial ellipsoid

Between distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform)

40
Q

Midcarpal joint

A

Synovial plane

Between proximal and distal carpal bones

41
Q

Intercarpal joints

A

Synovial plane

Between proximal or distal bones

42
Q

Wrist joint

A

Radiocarpal and mid carpal joints

43
Q

Ligaments of wrist

A

Ulnar/medial collateral ligament
Radial/lateral collateral ligament
Palmar and dorsal ulnocarpal ligament
Palmar and dorsal radiocarpal
ligament
Intercarpal ligament: between carpal bones
Carpometacarpal ligament: between carpal and metacarpal bones

44
Q

Carpometacarpal joint

A

Synovial saddle: between trapezium and proximal end of 1st metacarpal bone
Synovial plane: between rest of distal carpal bones and proximal end of 4 medial metacarpal bones

45
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Synovial condyloid

Between distal end of metacarpal bone and proximal end of proximal phalanges

46
Q

Interphalangeal joint

A

Synovial hinge
Proximal interphalangeal joint: between proximal and middle phalange
Distal interphalangeal joint: between middle and distal phalange

47
Q

Hip joint

A

Synovial ball and socket
Between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
Fibrocartilage labrum acetabulum deepens cavity

48
Q

Ligaments of hip joint

A

Round/teres ligament of head of femoral head: attaches to head of femur and carries blood to femur; may lead to avascular
necrosis if cut
Iliofemoral ligament: between ilium and femur (anterior)
Pubofemoral ligament: between pubic and femur (anterior)
Ischiofemoral ligament: between ischium and femur (posterior)

49
Q

Knee joint

A

Synovial condyloid

Between femoral condyles and superior surface of tibia condyles - medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint

50
Q

Patellofemoral joint

A

Synovial plane

Between patellar surface of femur and posterior surface of patella

51
Q

Ligaments of knee

A

Incomplete rings of fibrocartilage medial and lateral meniscus are in between femoral condyles and tibia plates - shock absorber and increase depth
Tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments provide side to side stability
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments provide antero-posterior stability

52
Q

Tibiofibular joint

A

Proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint: synovial plane; between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Middle tibiofibular joint: syndesmosis; interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint: syndesmosis; between fibular notch of tibia and distal end of fibula

53
Q

Ankle (talocrural) joint

A

Synovial hinge
Between distal end of tibia and fibula and body of talus
Medial (deltoid) ligament
Lateral ligament

54
Q

Intertarsal joint

A

Synovial plane

Between tarsal bones

55
Q

Tarsometatarsal joint

A

Synovial plane

Between distal tarsal bones and proximal metatarsal bones

56
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Synovial condyloid

Between distal metatarsal bones and proximal end of proximal phalanges

57
Q

Menisci

A

Incomplete fibrocartilage rings attached to articular surfaces to increase congruency (in knee joint)

58
Q

Labrum

A

Fibrocartilage rings attached to increase depth (in shoulder joint)

59
Q

Intra-articular disc

A

Cushions of fibrocartilage to absorb shock and increase congruency

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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