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CAPS 391 > Lecture 17: Circulatory System Heart > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Circulatory System Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A

Distributes oxygen and nutrients to body, and picks up waste materials to be eliminated by respiratory and urinary system
Includes heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Mediastinum borders

A

Anterior border: sternum, costal cartilage
Lateral border: lungs
Posterior border: thoracic vertebrae
Superior border: manubrium of of sternum, ribs 1, T1
Inferior border: diaphragm
Contains heart, large vessels, esophagus, trachea, thoracic aorta

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3
Q

Parts of the mediastinum

A

Transverse plane through sternal angle at TIV, and TV divide it to superior and inferior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum divided into 3 regions: anterior (in front of heart, between sternum and pericardium), middle (heart, surrounding membranes, pericardium), posterior (behind heart, between pericardium and vertebrae of TV-TXII)

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4
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

Contains:
Arch of aorta and branches (brachiocephlic artery, L common carotid artery, L subclavian artery)
R/L brachiocephalic veins, inferior part of superior vena cava, end of azygus vein
R/L phrenic and vagus nerve
Trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, thoracic duct

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5
Q

Anterior mediastinum

A

Contains:
thymus gland
Over age 25 - becomes loose connective tissue and fat

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6
Q

Middle mediastinum

A 
Contains: 
Heart and pericardium
Ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins
R/L phrenic nerves
Main bronchi
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7
Q

Posterior mediastinum

A 
Contains:
Descending aorta, azygus, hemiazygus veins
R/L vagus nerve
Sympathetic chains and splachnic nerve
Thoracic duct and esophagus
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8
Q

Heart

A

Muscular pump in middle mediastinum (size of fist)
Superior and inferior collects venous/deoxygenated blood to body and sends it to R atrium -> R ventricle -> lungs (pulmonary circulation)
L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein -> L ventricle -> body (systemic circulation)

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9
Q

Surface anatomy of heart

A

Upper L corner: L 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch away from midline
Upper R corner: R 3rd costal cartilage, 1 inch away from midline
Lower R corner: R 6th costal cartilage, 1 inch away from midline
Lower L corner: L 5th intercostal space, 3-4 inches away from midline

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10
Q

Heart sulci

A

Coronary sulcus
Anterior interventricular sulci
Posterior interventricular sulci

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11
Q

Coronary sulcus / Atrial-ventricular sulcus

A

Encircles heart
Separates atria and ventricles
Contains coronary artery

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12
Q

Interventricular sulci

A

2 of them

Separates ventricles on anterior and inferior surface

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13
Q

Heart surfaces

A

Anterior/sternocostal surface
Inferior/diaphragmatic surface
Left pulmonary surface
Right pulmonary surface

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14
Q

Anterior / Sternocostal surface

A

In touch with sternum and 2-6 costal cartilages

Consists of R ventricle, R atrium, L ventricle

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15
Q

Inferior / diaphragmatic surface

A

Leans on diaphragm
Consists of L ventricle and R ventricle
Has posterior interventricular sulcus
Contains superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins (2 per side)

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16
Q

L/R pulmonary surface

A

L - related to L lung, has L ventricle and L atrium

R - related to R lung, has R atrium

17
Q

Base of heart

A

Faces posteriorly

Formed by L atrium and R atrium

18
Q

Apex of heart

A

L ventricle
Directed anteriorly, inferiorly, to the L
Sits in 5th intercostal space on L, 3 inches away from sternum

19
Q

Heart borders

A

Superior border - R/L atria and auricles
R border - R atrium
L border - L ventricle and L auricle
Inferior border - R ventricle and L ventricle (separates anterior and inferior surface)

20
Q

R atrium

A

Get venous blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Pectinate muscles lines anterior part and extends to R auricle
Fossa ovalis
R atrioventricular/tricuspid valve - guards R atrioventricular opening that connects to R ventricle

21
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

In interatrial septum
Remnant of embryonic foramen ovalis that used to connect R/L atrium
In embryonic stage, blood was oxygenated in R atrium by placenta, and the moment the baby cries, the connection is cut (due to pressure change)

22
Q

R ventricle

A

Walls are thicker than R atrium
Trabeculae carneae (muscle fibers)
Papillary muscles (3)
Pulmonary artery from superior part
Pulmonary/semilunar valve that prevents blood flowing back
Interventricular septum (separates L/R ventricle)

23
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Group of trabeculae carneae

Finger like projections from walls of ventricles that insert into tricuspid/bicuspid valve via chorda tendinae

24
Q

L atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from R/L pulmonary veins
Pectinate muscles in L auricle
L atrioventricular/bicuspid/mitral valve guards L atrioventricular opening connecting to L ventricle

25
Q

L ventricle

A 
Thickest walls 
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles (2) 
Aorta from superior part
Aorta/semilunar valve that prevents blood flowing back
26
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Surrounds the heart

Composed of fibrous pericardium (outer) and serous pericardium (inner)

27
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Dense connective tissue
Attaches to central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly, and great vessels of heart superiorly
Mechanically protects the heart

28
Q

Serous pericardium

A

2 layers to secrete serous fluid
Parietal layer lines inner fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) attaches to heart

29
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
Filled with serous fluid
Lubricates heart to facilitate movement

30
Q

Conducting system of heart

A

Sinuatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
Electrical impulses from modified myocardial cells start at SA node, propagates and contracts atrial walls before AV node. Impulse passes ventricular walls via bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to ventricular contraction via myocytes. Will give rise to a heart rate at a lower rate

31
Q

Sinuatrial node

A

Heart pacemaker

R atrial wall close to superior vena cava opening

32
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

R side of interatrial septum close to opening of coronary sinus

33
Q

Atioventricular bundle

A

Starts at AV node -> interventricular septum -> L/R branches -> Purkinje fibers -> R/L ventricular walls

34
Q

ANS and heart rate

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from T1-T5 lateral horn to paravertebral sympathetic ganglion to cardiac plexus under aortic arch; increases heart rate
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve in medulla to cardiac plexus; decreases heart rate

35
Q

Visceral afferent of cardiac plexus

A

Fibers with parasympathetic system (vagus nerve) - detect change in blood pressure/chemical content, and cardiac reflex
Fibers with sympathetic system return to upper 4-5 thoracic segments and conduct pain sensation from heart

36
Q

R coronary artery

A

From R ascending aorta to R coronary sulcus
Supplies R atrium and R ventricle
R marginal artery (when passing R side)
Terminal branch, posterior interventricular artery, runs in posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies to posterior aspect of ventricles

37
Q

L coronary artery

A

From L ascending aorta
Branches to anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery) runs in anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies to anterior aspect of ventricles
Circumflex artery follows coronary sulcus to L side supplying to L atrium and L ventricle

38
Q

Venous Drainage of heart

A

3 major veins
Great cardiac vein (anterior interventricular sulcus)
Middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein (R coronary sulcus; follows R marginal artery)
All drain into coronary sinus in coronary sulcus on inferior surface, which drains into R atrium

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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