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CAPS 391 > Lecture 21 & 22: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 21 & 22: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

Provides gas exchange of O2 and CO2

Nose, para-nasal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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2
Q

Upper respiratory system (structurally)

A

Nose (external and nasal cavity)
Para-nasal sinus
Pharynx

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3
Q

Lower respiratory system (structurally)

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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4
Q

Conducting zone (functionally)

A

Function: filter, regulates temperature, moistens air and conducts it to lungs
Structures: nose, paranasal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Respiratory zone (functionally)

A

Function: gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs
Structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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6
Q

Nose

A

External nose

Nasal cavities

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7
Q

External nose

A

Anterior extension formed by cartilage (septal and alar) and bone (nasal bone, maxillary bone, frontal bone)
Nostrils formed by alar cartilage, opening of external nose, diameter is dependent on contraction of muscles

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8
Q

Nasal cavity

A

2 osseo-cartilaginous spaces separated by nasal septum
Above nostril is nasal vestibule with short thick hairs
Vestibule joins to nasopharynx via choanae or posterior nasal aperature

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9
Q

Boundaries of nasal cavity

A

Roof: mainly ethmoid bone, some contribution of frontal and sphenoid bone
Floor: mainly maxillary bone, some contribution of palatine bone; separates nasal and oral cavity
Lateral wall: nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior); formed by maxillary, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal bones and inferior nasal concha
Medial wall: nasal septum (ethmoid and vomer bone, septal cartilage)

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10
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Bony curved shells on lateral wall of nasal cavity
Increases surface area, covered with respiratory epithelium
Produces mucus to keep nasal cavity moist to filter air, add moisture, and regulate temperature
Under each shell are nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior) which receive paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

Air filled space, opens to lateral wall of nasal cavity
Frontal sinus - in frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus - largest, 15mL
Ethmoidal sinus
Lined with respiratory epithelium
Lightens skull, resonates voice, enhances efficiency of filtration, humidification, thermoregulation

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12
Q

Sinusitis

A

When too much mucous is produced when sick, drainage is interrupted causing inflammation of the sinuses
Leads to increase pressure in the sinus
Solution: restore drainage (saline rinse, steaming, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics)

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13
Q

Nerve supply in nasal cavity

A

CNI (olfactory nerve) through the ethmoid bone

Maxillary division of CNV for general sensation of mucus membrane of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus

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14
Q

Blood supply in nasal cavity

A

Maxillary branch of external carotid artery supplies nasal cavity and paranasal sinus

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15
Q

Pharynx

A

12-15cm muscular tube for air (between nasal cavity and larynx) or food (between oral cavity and esophagus)
Part of respiratory and digestive system
Starts at base of skull to esophagus at CVI
Subdivided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavities above soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsil (1) on roof of nasopharynx to produce antibodies
Auditory/eustachian/pharyngotympanic tubes are on lateral wall and connect to middle ear to equalize pressure between middle ear and pharynx; normally closed, but can temporarily open; easy to transmit infection to the middle ear

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind oral cavity extends from soft palate to superior epiglottis
Palatine tonsils on lateral wall between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Behind larynx from epiglottis to osophagus

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19
Q

Muscles of pharynx

A

Constrictors or levators to constrict or lift pharynx
Constrictors are more powerful and begin the peristalsis movement; also prevents entrance of foreign objects into the pharynx (gag reflex)

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20
Q

Nerve supply in pharynx

A 
Mucosal membranes:
Nasopharynx - maxillary division of CNV
Oropharynx - CNIX
Laryngopharynx - CNX
Intrinsic muscles (constrictor and levators): CNX

Foreign objects are picked up by CNIX (general sense of pharynx) which goes to the brainstem and passes it to the motor aspect of CNX to constrict the muscle

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21
Q

Blood supply of pharynx

A

Branch of external carotid artery

22
Q

Larynx

A

Between CIV-CVI, between laryngopharynx superiorly and trachea inferiorly
Cartilaginous skeleton (mainly hyaline cartilage) connected by laryngeal muscles, membranes, and ligaments
3 paired cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)
3 unpaired cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis)

23
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Largest
Made by 2 plates attached anteriorly forming laryngeal eminence (Adam’s apple), and open posteriorly; forms right angle in males, and wider angle in females
Connected to hyoid bone via superior horn and thyrohyoid membrane
Connected to cricoid cartilage by inferior horn and cricothyroid membrane

24
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Most inferior
Ring shaped with laminae facing posteriorly (wider than anterior side)
Laminae articulates with arytenoid cartilage superiorly
Inferior border connects to first cartilage ring of trachea via cricotracheal ligament

25
Q

Epiglottis

A

Leaf shaped cartilage
Only one made up of elastic cartilage
Attached to interior side of laryngeal eminence
Wide part is behind the tongue
Closes entrance to larynx during swallowing

26
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Pyramidal cartilage that articulate with cricoid cartilage inferiorly
Has 2 processes for attachment of intrinsic larynx muscles (muscular process) and vocal ligaments (vocal process)

27
Q

Corniculate cartilage

A

Above arytenoid cartilage

Contained with aryepiglottis fold between arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis

28
Q

Cuneiform cartilage

A

Embedded between mucous membrane

Contained with aryepiglottis fold between arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis

29
Q

Vestibule

A

Larynx above vestibular fold

30
Q

Ventricle

A

Laryngeal space between vocal folds

31
Q

Infraglottic region

A

Larynx below true vocal fold

32
Q

Ligaments in larynx

A

Stretched between thyroid and arytenoid cartilage
Vestibular ligaments - superior, do not vibrate during phonation, form vestibular (false vocal) folds
Vocal ligaments - inferior, vibrates during phonation, form vocal (true) folds

33
Q

Glottis

A

Vocal folds with rima glottidis (fissure between right and left vocal folds)

34
Q

Nerve supply of larynx

A

Mucosal membrane and intrinsic muscles of larynx - CNX

35
Q

Blood supply of larynx

A

Superior thyroid branch of external carotid and thyrocervical branch of subclavian arteries

36
Q

Trachea

A

Fibrocartilage tube, 12cm in length, 2.5cm in diameter
Starts at CVI - TIV-TV at carina (divides it to L/R bronchi)
Composed of 20 incomplete hyaline cartilage rings; the posterior wall is attached by fibromuscular membrane to esophagus to facilitate downward movement
Esophagus is posterior
Thyroid gland and manubrium of sternum is anterior

37
Q

Bronchi

A

R primary bronchus is shorter, wider and higher compared to the L primary bronchusN

38
Q

Nerve supply of trachea

A

Cervical sympathetic chain and vagus nerve

39
Q

Blood supply of trachea

A

Subclavian arteries

40
Q

Lungs

A

Spongy structure on either side of the mediastinum separated by heart, and posterior mediastinal structures
Half cone shaped structure in pleural cavity with root attaching to mediastinum
Has apex, 3 surfaces (inferior, lateral, medial), and 3 borders (anterior, posterior, inferior)

41
Q

Surfaces of lung

A

Apex - above rib 1, into the root of the neck
Inferior/diaphragmatic surface/base - concave; sits on diaphragm
Lateral/costal surface - convex; related to ribs, intercostal muscles, sternum
Medial/mediastinal surface - concave; related to middle and posterior mediastinal structure; contains hilum; has deep fissures that divide lungs into lobes

42
Q

Hilum of lung

A

Located at the center of the medial surface
Includes primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves - forms the root
1 pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to lung, and 2 pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood from lung to L atrium

43
Q

Borders of lung

A

Anterior border - sharp; on L lung has cardiac notch (provides point of access to heart), below cardiac notch is lingula; separates medial and lateral surface
Posterior border - round; related to thoracic region of vertebral column; separates medial and lateral surface
Inferior border - sharp; separated medial and lateral surface; crosses ribs 6, 8, 10 anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly

44
Q

Right lung

A

Larger and heavier since middle mediastinum bulge towards the L side
Shorter and wider than L lung due to liver under diaphragm
Divided into 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by oblique and horizontal fissure

45
Q

Left lung

A

Divided into 2 lobes (superior, inferior) by oblique fissure

Lingula of L lung equivalent to middle lobe on R lung

46
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments

A

Lobes of the lung are divided into bronchopulmonary segments

Both R and L lungs have 10 bronchopulmonary segments

47
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Afteer the hilum, primary bronchi divides into secondary (lobar) bronchi and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Tertiary divides to produce bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles
Bronchioles: smallest airways that do not carry any cartilage
Respiratory bronchiole: carry alveoli (respiratory system that is involved in gas exchange for air and blood); clusters of alveoli make up alveolar sacs

48
Q

Nerve supply of lungs

A

Lung tissue: innervated by afferent and efferent branches of pulmonary plexus (at bifurcation of trachea) by vagus nerves (constricts bronchioles) and sympathetic nerves from T1-T4 (dilates bronchioles)
Visceral pleura: sympathetic nerves from T1-T4
Parietal pleura: somatic nerves supply walls of thoracic cavity (phrenic, upper intercostal)

49
Q

Blood supply of lungs

A

Bronchial arteries from thoracic aorta through hilum

50
Q

Pleura of lung

A

Each lung is surrounded by 2 layers of serous membrane = pleura
Parietal pleura: in touch with wall of thoracic cavity, lines inner surface of ribs and muscles between ribs
Visceral pleura: in touch with lungs
Pleural cavity: between 2 layers of pleura to keep surfaces moist and facilitate movement between lungs and chest wall

51
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess

A

Gutter formed by parietal pleura reflects on inner surface of chest wall covering superior surface of diaphragm, and costal parts
Lowest party of pleural cavity
At level of rib 6, 10, 12 anteriorly, laterally, posteriorly
Fluid accumulates when a person is standing

CAPS 391 (21 decks)

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