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Microbiology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Cl Tetani

A

a soil dwelling saprophytic organism- spores wide spread in soil- slender thin rods with tennis racket appearance

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2
Q

Portal of entry for Cl tetani

A

skin-through wound-like nail prick, road accidents where there is contamination of mud, skin popping in drug addicts

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3
Q

WHat does Cl tetani cause?

A

Tetanus- lock jaw

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4
Q

Can Cl tetani cause infection in newborns?

A

can occur through umbilical cord cutting, through circumcision in developing countries– spores germinate at the wound

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5
Q

What do vegetative cells of Cl Tetani produce?

A

exotoxin which spreads through nerve fibers to spinal cord

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6
Q

What does exotoxin block release of?

A

glycine- inhibitory neurotransmitter- in spinal synapse causing muscle spasms (tetany)

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7
Q

Is vaccine effective for Cl Tetani?

A

YES- because only one Ag variety (sero type)

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8
Q

How is Tetanus defined?

A

characterized by spasm of skeletal muscles starting from face, hardening of facial muscles results in grim face

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9
Q

What is the hardening of facial muscles in Cl Tetani known as

A

Risus sardonicus

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10
Q

What is spasm of muscles of mastification from Cl Tetani lead to?

A

Lock Jaw known as trismus

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11
Q

What does spasming of back muscles result in?

A

Arching of back known as Opisthotonus

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12
Q

What type of poisoning resembles the condition of Cl Tetanis

A

strychnine poisoning

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13
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

Tetanus antitoxin serum to neutralize unbound toxins, penicillin and metronidazole may be useful- maintain adequate airway, muscle relaxants like valium

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14
Q

How do you prevent tetanus?

A

toxoid vaccine (DTaP) is available

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15
Q

What is the natural habitat of Cl Botulinum?

A

soil- spores are found in soil, found in contaminated vegetables, alkaline vegetables, spores germinate in anaerobic conditions

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16
Q

What is an indication that bacteria may be growing in canned vegetables?

A

swollen/bloated can tins

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17
Q

How do you get the Cl Botulinum toxins?

A

ingested- absorbed from gut and carried to neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

What does Cl Botulinum cause in a person and how?

A

flaccid paralysis- blocks release of acetylcholine- can cause paralysis of ocular muscles causing vision problems- respiratory failure when pharyngeal muscles are relaxed

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19
Q

Will Cl Botulinum present with a fever?

A

NO

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20
Q

Can an infant get Cl Botulinum?

A

yes- contaminated honey- spores germinate in gut and cause silent death of an infant

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21
Q

Treatment for Cl Botulinum?

A

Trivalent antitoxin available- antitoxin made from horses and given with respiratory support

22
Q

Prevention of Cl Botulinum

A

The tosin is relatively heat labile so boiling vegetables/food will inactivate toxins

23
Q

What are some medical uses of Cl Botulinum?

A

to remove wrinkles on forehead or to relieve spastic torticollis (wry neck)

24
Q

Describe Cl Perfringens

A

Gram + rod shaped, anaerobic spore forming bacterium

25
Q

What 2 diseases can Cl Perfringens cause?

A

Gas gangrene and food poisoning

26
Q

Describe gas gangrene

A

vegetable forms are members of normal flora of colon and vagina- spores are found in soil

27
Q

Most common mode of contamination of Gas gangrene

A

wound contamination with soil/mud (war wounds, automobile accidents, septic abortion

28
Q

How is the gas gangrene produced?

A

organism grows in traumatized tissues, produced alpha toxin which causes necrosis of muscle and RB cells and enzyme degradation produces gas in tissues

29
Q

Results of Gas gangrene

A

pain, edema and cellulitis, crepitations, massive hemolysis, jaundice, renal failure, shock and death - high mortality rate

30
Q

Treatment for gas gangrene

A

Penicillin G- wound should be derided- surgical amputation if necessary

31
Q

How is Cl perfringens seen in colonies on agar plates?

A

culture grown in anaerobic conditions and produces double zone of hemolysis

32
Q

Explain food poisoning from Cl perfringens

A

spores contaminated food- heat resistant and grow in large numbers in reheated meat dishes

33
Q

Explain mode of food poisoning from Cl perfringens

A

After ingestion, sporulation occurs in gut and enterotoxin is liberated causing diarrhea

34
Q

Treatment of food poisoning

A

symptomatic- ends with time

35
Q

What is the most common nosocomial infection?

A

Cl difficile

36
Q

What does Cl difficile cause?

A

antibiotic associated pseudo membranous colitis

37
Q

How is Cl difficile transmitted?

A

by fecal-oral route

38
Q

Explain mode of infection of Cl difficile

A

antibiotics suppress normal flora allowing organism to over grow

39
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cl difficile

A

it causes non bloody diarrhea, yellow white plaques in the colon visible by sigmoidoscopy

40
Q

Treatment of Cl difficile

A

causative agent should be stopped, metronidazole and fluid replacement

41
Q

Define toxic megacolon

A

paralysis of one segment of the colon- rare complication which may need surgical resection

42
Q

Describe Corneybacterium Diptheriae

A

bacteria is club shaped, arranged in V or L forms, beaded appearance with granules- non motile (Chinese letter formation)

43
Q

What is the source for Diptheriae?

A

humans are the only source

44
Q

How is Diptheriae transmitted?

A

air born droplets

45
Q

How does Diptheriae cause damage?

A

the organism produces an exotoxin, which causes damage to eukaryotic cell- any tissue can be affected

46
Q

What disease does Corneybact. diphtheria cause?

A

Diptheria- local inflammation with fibrinous exudates that form tough, adherent, greyish white psuedomembrane over throat and tonsils, fever, sore throat, bulls neck

47
Q

3 major complications caused by Diptheria

A
  1. extension of membrane in larynx and trachea causing airway obstruction 2. myocarditis with arrhythmias and circulatory collapse 3. nerve paralysis (especially cranial)
48
Q

Treatment for Diptheria

A

administration of antitoxin to neutralize unbound toxins, penicillin G and erythromycin, tracheostomy may be necessary , DPT vaccine

49
Q

Define lysteria monocytogens

A

causes sepsis and meningitis in new borns as well as immunosupressed individuals (renal transplant)- present on animals, plants, soil, mainly food born infection

50
Q

What does lysteria monocytogens cause?

A

abortion/premature delivery in pregnant women/flu/watery diarrhea symptoms

51
Q

Can lysteria monocytogens affect babies?

A

YES- crosses over placenta and produces neonatal sepsis

52
Q

treatment for lysteria monocytogens

A

ampicillin, gentamycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

Microbiology (16 decks)

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