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Microbiology > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

How can some bacterial diseases be prevented?

A

use of immunization

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2
Q

How is active immunity induced?

A

by vaccines prepared from bacteria and their products

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3
Q

How is passive immunity induced?

A

provided by adminstration of preformed Abs in preparation called immunoglobulins

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4
Q

What are bacterial vaccines composed of?

A

capsular polysaccharides, inactivated exotoxins (toxoids), killed bacteria, attenuated bacteria

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5
Q

At what age is strep pneumonia vaccine given?

A

individuals greater than 60

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6
Q

What age is HIB vaccine used for?

A

children between 1-15 months to prevent meningitis

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7
Q

Which serotype of HIB is more serious?

A

B- causes meningitis in children

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8
Q

Name for formaldehyde treated exotoxin

A

toxoid

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9
Q

At what age is diphtheria vaccine given?

A

children 2, 4, and 6 months of age- booster dose 1 year later

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10
Q

WHat is bordetella pertussis vaccine given to prevent?

A

whooping cough

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11
Q

What does pertussis vaccine contain?

A

inactivated toxoid and other proteins

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12
Q

What is purified protein vaccine given for?

A

against lyme disease- contains purified outer surface proteins of Borrelia Burgdorferri

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13
Q

What does anthrax vaccine contain?

A

protective antigen purified from organism

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14
Q

What is BCG vaccine given for?

A

protection against TB- efficacy is doubtful so not given in US

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15
Q

WHat is Francicella tularensis vaccine given for?

A

protection for tularemia disease

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16
Q

List some killed bacterial vaccines

A

cholera, yersenia, typhus, Q fever,

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17
Q

WHat type of vaccines are available for Typhoid disease?

A

ALL- killed, live, polysaccharide

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18
Q

Why would performed antibodies be given?

A

for immediate protection

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19
Q

Another name for antitoxins

A

anti sera

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20
Q

Three types of anti toxins

A

tetanus, diptheria, botulinum

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21
Q

What would be given to a patient that had a bad contaminated wound?

A

tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxoid in two different locations

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22
Q

Define active- passive immunity

A

Both antitoxin and toxoid will be given

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23
Q

Do drugs help with viral disease?

A

NO- prevention is key

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24
Q

Two forms of viral vaccines

A

live attenuated vaccine and killed vaccine

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25
Do viruses have toxoid vaccines?
NO- only bacteria does
26
Is MMR a live or killed vaccine?
LIVE
27
At what age is MMR given?
after the age of 15 months- maternal antibodies may neutralize the vaccine before then
28
What viruses have killed vaccine?
influenza, hepatitis A, rabies
29
WHat vaccine do we have for polio?
Both killed and live
30
Yellow fever, adenovirus, and small pox have what type of vaccine?
LIVE
31
Which type of vaccine is more effective?
LIVE
32
WHich type of vaccine is stable under room temp?
KILLED
33
Is reversion possible with killed vaccine?
NO- only live
34
What viruses are post exposure vaccine given for?
Rabies and Hep. B- both have long incubation period
35
Passive immunity for which viral diseases?
rabies, hep B, varicella zoster
36
Define Zostavax
live chicken pox vaccine with higher concentration of viruses to prevent shingles in adults
37
Which capsid proteins on Gardasil have to do with genital warts?
16 and 18
38
At what age is gardasil given?
9-26
39
Define bacteriologic approach
Bacteria are identified by staining/culturing the organisms and biochemical reactions
40
Define immunologic approach
Organisms are identified by detection of specific antibodies in patient's serum
41
What can TB be seen in?
sputum sample
42
What type of culture is done for strep pyogens?
throat culture
43
What culture is done for pneumonia, staph aureus or strep pneumonia or klebsilla and pseudomonas?
sputum
44
What type of culture is done for E. coli, proteus, enterobacter in cases of cystitis or pyelo nephritis?
urine
45
What type of culture is done for shigella, solmonella or campylobacter?
stool
46
Define Quellung reaction
specific antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule and allow them to be visualized under a microscope
47
How do you know the Quellung reaction is positive?
capsule becomes opaque and appears enlarged and swollen
48
WHat is the Quellung reaction used to identify?
streptococcus pneuomonia , Neisserias meningitis, haemophilus influenzae
49
Define ELISA test
detect antigens in patient's serum - can also be used to detect and quantify antibodies
50
Define latex agglutination test
antigen is absorbed onto latex particles which will agglutinate when homologues antiserum is added
51
What type of antibodies does agglutination test contain?
lyophilized antibodies
52
Ways to identify an antibody with a known antigen
slide/tube agglutination, cold agglutinin, serologic tests for syphilis
53
Define immunodiffusion test
diagnostic test which involves diffusion of antigen and antibody through a substance such as agar
54
Which test uses an electric field across the diffusion medium
counter immunoelectrophoresis
55
What line indicates binding on the counter immunoelecrophoresis test?
precipitin line
56
Define direct fluorescent antibody test
uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dye that can be used to detect the presence of microorganisms
57
What is the main test used to detect rabies in animals and requires examination of brain tissue?
direct fluorescent antibody test
58
serological test for syphilis
VDRL test/RPR test- cardiolipin is the non specific antigen
59
Define PCR
repeated cycles of heating and cooling DNA with DNA polymerase enzyme results in multiple copies of original DNA
60
What is PCR useful in?
viral diseases, malignancies, TB and some anaerobic bacteria
61
Define sterilization
killing/removal of all micro organisms including spores
62
Define disinfection
removal of pathogenic organisms (spores not affected) used on inanimate objects only - floors, equipment
63
Define antiseptics
chemicals used to remove pathogens from surface of skin, mucous membranes
64
infection control is brought about by use of......
chemicals or physical agents
65
3 mechanisms chemicals acts by
disruption of bacterial cell membrane, denaturing the bacterial proteins, denaturing the bacterial nucleic acids
66
Example of what disrupts bacterial cell membrane
70% alcohol, detergents, phenols
67
What is used to denature proteins
chlorine, iodine, heavy metals, hydrogen peroxide, formaldeyhyde, weak acids
68
What is used for denaturing of nucleic acids?
gentian violet- skin antiseptic
69
physical agents used in infection control?
Heat, radiation, filtrations
70
Define autoclave
steam under pressure is used to raise temp up to 121 degrees C for 15 minutes- sterilize instruments using this!

Microbiology (16 decks)

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