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Microbiology > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can some bacterial diseases be prevented?

A

use of immunization

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2
Q

How is active immunity induced?

A

by vaccines prepared from bacteria and their products

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3
Q

How is passive immunity induced?

A

provided by adminstration of preformed Abs in preparation called immunoglobulins

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4
Q

What are bacterial vaccines composed of?

A

capsular polysaccharides, inactivated exotoxins (toxoids), killed bacteria, attenuated bacteria

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5
Q

At what age is strep pneumonia vaccine given?

A

individuals greater than 60

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6
Q

What age is HIB vaccine used for?

A

children between 1-15 months to prevent meningitis

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7
Q

Which serotype of HIB is more serious?

A

B- causes meningitis in children

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8
Q

Name for formaldehyde treated exotoxin

A

toxoid

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9
Q

At what age is diphtheria vaccine given?

A

children 2, 4, and 6 months of age- booster dose 1 year later

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10
Q

WHat is bordetella pertussis vaccine given to prevent?

A

whooping cough

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11
Q

What does pertussis vaccine contain?

A

inactivated toxoid and other proteins

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12
Q

What is purified protein vaccine given for?

A

against lyme disease- contains purified outer surface proteins of Borrelia Burgdorferri

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13
Q

What does anthrax vaccine contain?

A

protective antigen purified from organism

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14
Q

What is BCG vaccine given for?

A

protection against TB- efficacy is doubtful so not given in US

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15
Q

WHat is Francicella tularensis vaccine given for?

A

protection for tularemia disease

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16
Q

List some killed bacterial vaccines

A

cholera, yersenia, typhus, Q fever,

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17
Q

WHat type of vaccines are available for Typhoid disease?

A

ALL- killed, live, polysaccharide

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18
Q

Why would performed antibodies be given?

A

for immediate protection

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19
Q

Another name for antitoxins

A

anti sera

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20
Q

Three types of anti toxins

A

tetanus, diptheria, botulinum

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21
Q

What would be given to a patient that had a bad contaminated wound?

A

tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxoid in two different locations

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22
Q

Define active- passive immunity

A

Both antitoxin and toxoid will be given

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23
Q

Do drugs help with viral disease?

A

NO- prevention is key

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24
Q

Two forms of viral vaccines

A

live attenuated vaccine and killed vaccine

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25
Q

Do viruses have toxoid vaccines?

A

NO- only bacteria does

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26
Q

Is MMR a live or killed vaccine?

A

LIVE

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27
Q

At what age is MMR given?

A

after the age of 15 months- maternal antibodies may neutralize the vaccine before then

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28
Q

What viruses have killed vaccine?

A

influenza, hepatitis A, rabies

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29
Q

WHat vaccine do we have for polio?

A

Both killed and live

30
Q

Yellow fever, adenovirus, and small pox have what type of vaccine?

A

LIVE

31
Q

Which type of vaccine is more effective?

A

LIVE

32
Q

WHich type of vaccine is stable under room temp?

A

KILLED

33
Q

Is reversion possible with killed vaccine?

A

NO- only live

34
Q

What viruses are post exposure vaccine given for?

A

Rabies and Hep. B- both have long incubation period

35
Q

Passive immunity for which viral diseases?

A

rabies, hep B, varicella zoster

36
Q

Define Zostavax

A

live chicken pox vaccine with higher concentration of viruses to prevent shingles in adults

37
Q

Which capsid proteins on Gardasil have to do with genital warts?

A

16 and 18

38
Q

At what age is gardasil given?

A

9-26

39
Q

Define bacteriologic approach

A

Bacteria are identified by staining/culturing the organisms and biochemical reactions

40
Q

Define immunologic approach

A

Organisms are identified by detection of specific antibodies in patient’s serum

41
Q

What can TB be seen in?

A

sputum sample

42
Q

What type of culture is done for strep pyogens?

A

throat culture

43
Q

What culture is done for pneumonia, staph aureus or strep pneumonia or klebsilla and pseudomonas?

A

sputum

44
Q

What type of culture is done for E. coli, proteus, enterobacter in cases of cystitis or pyelo nephritis?

A

urine

45
Q

What type of culture is done for shigella, solmonella or campylobacter?

A

stool

46
Q

Define Quellung reaction

A

specific antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule and allow them to be visualized under a microscope

47
Q

How do you know the Quellung reaction is positive?

A

capsule becomes opaque and appears enlarged and swollen

48
Q

WHat is the Quellung reaction used to identify?

A

streptococcus pneuomonia , Neisserias meningitis, haemophilus influenzae

49
Q

Define ELISA test

A

detect antigens in patient’s serum - can also be used to detect and quantify antibodies

50
Q

Define latex agglutination test

A

antigen is absorbed onto latex particles which will agglutinate when homologues antiserum is added

51
Q

What type of antibodies does agglutination test contain?

A

lyophilized antibodies

52
Q

Ways to identify an antibody with a known antigen

A

slide/tube agglutination, cold agglutinin, serologic tests for syphilis

53
Q

Define immunodiffusion test

A

diagnostic test which involves diffusion of antigen and antibody through a substance such as agar

54
Q

Which test uses an electric field across the diffusion medium

A

counter immunoelectrophoresis

55
Q

What line indicates binding on the counter immunoelecrophoresis test?

A

precipitin line

56
Q

Define direct fluorescent antibody test

A

uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dye that can be used to detect the presence of microorganisms

57
Q

What is the main test used to detect rabies in animals and requires examination of brain tissue?

A

direct fluorescent antibody test

58
Q

serological test for syphilis

A

VDRL test/RPR test- cardiolipin is the non specific antigen

59
Q

Define PCR

A

repeated cycles of heating and cooling DNA with DNA polymerase enzyme results in multiple copies of original DNA

60
Q

What is PCR useful in?

A

viral diseases, malignancies, TB and some anaerobic bacteria

61
Q

Define sterilization

A

killing/removal of all micro organisms including spores

62
Q

Define disinfection

A

removal of pathogenic organisms (spores not affected) used on inanimate objects only - floors, equipment

63
Q

Define antiseptics

A

chemicals used to remove pathogens from surface of skin, mucous membranes

64
Q

infection control is brought about by use of……

A

chemicals or physical agents

65
Q

3 mechanisms chemicals acts by

A

disruption of bacterial cell membrane, denaturing the bacterial proteins, denaturing the bacterial nucleic acids

66
Q

Example of what disrupts bacterial cell membrane

A

70% alcohol, detergents, phenols

67
Q

What is used to denature proteins

A

chlorine, iodine, heavy metals, hydrogen peroxide, formaldeyhyde, weak acids

68
Q

What is used for denaturing of nucleic acids?

A

gentian violet- skin antiseptic

69
Q

physical agents used in infection control?

A

Heat, radiation, filtrations

70
Q

Define autoclave

A

steam under pressure is used to raise temp up to 121 degrees C for 15 minutes- sterilize instruments using this!

Microbiology (16 decks)

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