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Microbiology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of non enveloped RNA viruses

A

polio virus, coxsaki virus, Hepatitis A, Rhino virus, Rota virus

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2
Q

Types of enveloped RNA viruses

A

influenza, measels, mumps, rubella, rabies, retro virus (HIV, HTLV)

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3
Q

What does Influenze virus cause?

A

flu epidemic/pandemic

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4
Q

3 serological types of influenza

A

A, B, C

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5
Q

Define envelop of influenza virus

A

has two types of spikes- hemaglutinin & Neuraminidase- the envelop protein determines type specificity

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6
Q

Other name for influenza virus

A

orthomyxovirus which interacts with mucin and has an 8 segmented genome

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7
Q

What is the present strain causing swine flu?

A

H1N1

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8
Q

Who is the influenza A virus present in?

A

humans- also in birds, chicken, sqine and horses– sources for antigenic shift and pandemics

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9
Q

Who is the influenza B virus present in?

A

humans only!

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10
Q

Transmission of influenza

A

air born- respiratory droplets- group A- antigenic shift every 10/11 years- group B is antigenic shift yearly

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11
Q

When does the infection of influenza occur?

A

in winter months; restricted respiratory tract- systemic symptoms ar not due to viremia

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12
Q

What are systemic systems of influenza due to?

A

due to circuating cytokines

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13
Q

What gives immunity to influenza?

A

IgA, IgG

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14
Q

clinical features of influenza

A

24-48 hours– will have fever, myalgia, sore throat, cough- sudden onset. Resolves spontaneously in 4-7 days

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15
Q

Treatment for influenza?

A

Zanamvir & Tamiflu- inhibits release of virus from cell- effective against A and B
Amantadin effective against A

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16
Q

What is the natural host of Measles

A

single serotype- humans are the natural host

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17
Q

Transmission of Measles

A

transmission by respiratory droplets- world wide distribution-

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18
Q

What stage is Measles highly contagious in?

A

prodromal stage- non infectious after development of rashes- cough and sneezing spread disease

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19
Q

How often does the Measles epidemic occur?

A

once in 2-3 years

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20
Q

Clinical features of Measles?

A

fever, photophobia, runny nose and cough- red spot with white center on buccal mucosa of oral cavity

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21
Q

Define development of rash in Measles

A

rashes develop on face and then spreads downwards- become brownish several days later

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22
Q

What affect can measles have on pregnant women?

A

still births in pregnant women- affords life long immunity

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23
Q

Complications of measles

A

encephalitis- very rare

Sub acute schlerosing Pan- can develop years later but rare

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24
Q

Lab diagnosis for Measles

A

NONE- diagnosed on clinical grounds

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25
Q

Is there an antiviral drug for Measles?

A

NO

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26
Q

Prevention of Measles

A

live attenuated vaccine- given at 15 months or later because before then vaccine will have no effect because maternal Abs still present

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27
Q

Define Mumps

A

single sero type- infects URT and blood spreads to parotid gland, testes, ovaries, pancreas and sometimes meningitis

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28
Q

Can you get mumps more than once?

A

NOPE

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29
Q

How is mumps transmitted?

A

through respiratory droplets- world wide distribution- peak incidence in winter

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30
Q

What percentage of children have mumps without symptoms and are therefore immune?

A

30%

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31
Q

Clinical manifestations of Mumps

A

18-21 days- fever, malaise, followed by tender swelling in parotid gland- disease is benign- resolves spontaneously

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32
Q

Complications of mumps

A

If the disease occurs in post pubertal males, it can cause orchitis which may cause infertility

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33
Q

Medication for mumps

A

NONE- prevention through MMR vaccine

34
Q

What does respiratory syncytial virus cause?

A

pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants

35
Q

What is on the surface of the virus for respiratory syncytial virus?

A

fusion proteins only- no hemaglutinin/neuraminidase

36
Q

natural host of respiratory syncytial virus?

A

humans and chimpanzees

37
Q

Transmission of respiratory syncytial virus

A

respiratory droplets/direct contact with nose and mouth by finger- outbreaks occur every winter world wide- everyone infected by age 3

38
Q

Clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus?

A

bronchiolitis, pneumonia, otitis media in young children. In adults it causes common cold

39
Q

Treatment of respiratory syncytial virus?

A

Aerosolised Ribovirin in severe infections- no vaccine available

40
Q

What does Para Influenza virus cause?

A

CROUP- acute laryngo tracheo bronchitis inc hildren

41
Q

Transmission of para influenza

A

respiratory droplets- world wide in winter

42
Q

What do the majority of para influenza cases cause?

A

sub clinical infection- no antiviral drug or vaccine (self limiting)

43
Q

What does Rubella virus cause?

A

German measles - single serotype

44
Q

Transmission of Rubella virus

A

respiratory droplets, placental transmission from mother to fetus

45
Q

How often does epidemic of rubella virus occur?

A

every 6-9 year

46
Q

Clinical manifestation of rubella

A

milder and shorter disease- causes fever, malaise, followed by rashes from face to trunk and limbs- lymph node enlargement behind ear lobe

47
Q

How often do rashes from rubella last?

A

3 days then disappear

48
Q

What happens if rubella occurs while a woman is in her first trimester?

A

teratogenic effect in infants- heart, eye, and brain will be affected, causing cataract, deafness, mental retardation, PDA (Rubella syndrome) - these children excrete viruses for a long time

49
Q

Shape of virus for rabies?

A

bullet shaped virus- single antigenic type

50
Q

rabies hosts?

A

mammals, skunks, raccoons, bats and dogs

51
Q

How do humans get infected with rabies?

A

through animal bite- non bite transmission through respiratory aerosol from bats secretion

52
Q

How does the rabies bite affect the body?

A

moves from bite site to CNS: multiplies in brain tissue and then spreads through peripheral nerves to salivary glands- encephelitis in brain

53
Q

Any immunity for rabies?

A

NO- because no survivors

54
Q

Clinical manifestations of rabies

A

infectious for 2-16 weeks- shorter time if site is near to head- prodromal symptoms, fever, anorexia, confusion, lethargy, increased salvation
within a few days goes into coma and dies

55
Q

Diagnosis of Rabies

A

negri bodies can be demonstrated from corneal scrapings and autopsy specimen - no antiviral drug

56
Q

Prevention of rabies

A

pre exposure, immunization with rabies vaccine to vets and zoo keepers

57
Q

Can a rabies vaccine be given after infection?

A

YES

58
Q

How do you treat rabies bite?

A

wound should be cleaned and cauterized

59
Q

If rabies symptoms develop in animal what is done?

A

euthanization

60
Q

What does Polio virus cause?

A

poliomyelitis in children

61
Q

Host of Polio Virus?

A

Primates (Apes and Monkeys), man

62
Q

Discuss serotypes of Polio

A

3 serological types- protection requires vaccine for all three types

63
Q

Transmission of Polio

A

by fecal-oral route: replicated in oro-pharynx and intestinal tract

64
Q

Pathogenesis of POlio

A

after replication, it spreads through blood to CNS- infects motor neurons in ventral horn of spinal cord- death of neurons results in paralysis

65
Q

Immune response for polio

A

intestinal IgA, humoral IgG

66
Q

Clinical features of polio?

A

mostly asymptomatic- only 1% of infection manifests symptoms

brief fever, patient develops flaccid paralysis of one or both limbs, motor nerve degeneration is permanent

67
Q

For how long does patient excrete polio virus in feces?

A

6 months

68
Q

Prevention of polio

A

2 vaccines available
killed vaccine- IPV
live vaccine- OPV
3 doses given once monthly

69
Q

What are the 2 groups of Coxsackie virus?

A

A - infects skin and mucous membranes

B- infects internal organ

70
Q

How is Coxsackie virus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

71
Q

Where does Coxsackie virus replicate?

A

oropharynx and GIT- common in summer

72
Q

Clinical manifestations of Group A Coxsackie virus?

A

Herpangina- fever, sore throat, vesicles in oral cavity; acute hemmorrhagic conjunctivitis; foot and mouth disease

73
Q

What is Foot and mouth disease?

A

rashed in hand, foot and ulcerations in the mouth- children

74
Q

Clinical manifestations of Group B Coxsackie virus?

A

Pleurodynia- fever, with severe pleuritic chest pain; myocarditis and preicarditis- fever, chest pain, CCF

75
Q

Vaccine for Coxsackie virus?

A

NO- and no antiviral drug

76
Q

What does rhino virus cause?

A

common cold in winter months

77
Q

host of rhino virus

A

human and chimpanzees

78
Q

Transmission of rhino virus?

A

aerosol, hands, fingers and towels

79
Q

Clinical manifestations of rhino virus

A

sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, head ache and chilly sensation- lasts for a week

80
Q

Is there a vaccine for rhino virus?

A

NO- can offer vitamin C in high doses, Zn gluconate lozanges

81
Q

Transmission of rota virus?

A

fecal-oral route: common in children

82
Q

Clinical features of rota virus

A

gastro enteritis, watery diarrhea

Microbiology (16 decks)

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