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Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organism are parasites?

A

eukaryotic organisms- animal cells

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2
Q

WHat is medical parasitology?

A

deals with eukaryotic organisms that cause disease among humans

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3
Q

Define protozoa and metazoa

A

protoza- unicellular

metazoa- multicellular

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4
Q

What are multicellular parasites known as

A

worms/Helminthes

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5
Q

What are the types of protozoa?

A

intestinal, urogenital, blood and tissue

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6
Q

What is Entamoeba Histolytica

A

Type of intestinal protozoa- known as ameba. Causes amoebic dysentry and liver abscess in humans

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7
Q

Who is the reservoir in Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

humans strictly

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8
Q

2 forms of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

vegetative form and durable form

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9
Q

What is the vegetative form?

A

active and motile- known as trophozoit- multiplies inside host

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10
Q

What is the durable form?

A

cyst- non motile and survive in environment for a few months

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11
Q

Where is vegetative form seen?

A

in intestinal, extra intestinal lesions and in diarrheal stool

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12
Q

Where is cystic form seen?

A

in non-diarrheal stool

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

disease acquired by ingestion of cyst- oral/fecal route- contaminated food and water

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14
Q

Pathology of cyst

A

differentiate in ileum and tend to colonize in caecum and colon

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15
Q

Pathology of trophozoite?

A

invade colonic epithelium- secrete proteolytic enzyme that cause localized necrosis- little inflammation occurs

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16
Q

Is Entamoeba Histolytica world wide in distribution?

A

YES

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

acute infection- dysentery, low abdominal discomfort, flatulence, tenesmus
chronic- occasional diarrhea, weight loss and fatigue

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18
Q

Define Amoebic liver abscess

A

Rt upper quadrant pain, weight loss, fever and tender enlarged liver

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19
Q

What happens if right lobe liver abscess bursts?

A

invade lung through diaphragm, causing lung abscess, anchovy sauce like pus

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20
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

stool examination may show cyst and vegetative forms- trophozoit contains ingested RBCs

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21
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba Histolytica

A

intestinal amoebiasis and liver abscess- Metronidazol/Tinidazol

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22
Q

Prevention of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

proper disposal of night soil/sanitation

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23
Q

Define Giardia lamblia

A

pear shaped trophozoit with 2 nuclei and 4 pairs of flagellum- suction disc which attaches to cell wall- cyst has 4 nuclei

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24
Q

Transmission of Giardia lamblia

A

ingestions- oral fecal route

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25
What does Giardia lamblia cause?
excystation in duodenum, inflammation and mal absorption of protein + fat
26
What are the reservoirs for Giardia lamblia
human and animal - pass cyst in stool
27
Clinical features of Giardia lamblia
non bloody, foul smelling, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, abdominal cramps, persists for week/months, no fever
28
Treatment for Giardia lamblia
Metronidazol
29
Define Trichomonas vaginalis
Pear shaped trophozoit with single nuclei, 4 flagellum + undulating membrane
30
Is there a vegetative and cystic form for Trich?
just vegetative form
31
Transmission of Trich
primarily located in vagina and prostate- sexual transmission only
32
Clinical manifestations of Trich
fowl smelling greenish vaginal discharge with itching and burning
33
Who is trich more symptomatic in?
sexually active women in their 30s- lower in post menopausal women
34
Lab diagnosis of Trich
wet mount of vaginal secretion or prostatic secretions shows pear shaped organism with typical herky movement
35
Treatment for Trich
Metronidazol
36
What does Plasmodium cause?
Malaria
37
What are the four species of Malaria?
Pl vivax, ovale, malariae, falciparum
38
What is the definitive host of Malaria?
blood sucking female anopheles mosquito
39
What is the intermediate host of Malaria?
human
40
Where does the parasite of Malaria multiply?
mosquitos and human
41
Cycle of mosquito multiplication in Malaria?
sexual cycle and form parasite known as sporozoite
42
Cycle of Human multiplication in Malaria
asexual multiplication take place in liver or RBCs and form parasite known Merozoits
43
Pathogenesis of Malaria
parasite infects and multiplies in RBCs which are destroyed by spleen causing enlargement of spleen
44
What does Malariae release?
merozoits every 72 hours- fever and chills occur every 4th day, others release every 48 hours re occurring every third day
45
Malaria caused by what is more severe?
falciparum - more RBCs effected leading to hemorrhage and necrosis of brain
46
What ethnicity is resistant to Malaria?
African Americans because they have sickle cell trait
47
Clinical manifestations of Malaria?
starts as abrupt fever, chills, head ache, myalgia- fever subsides then intense sweating- periodic fever splenomegaly, anemia, falciparum
48
Why can relapse in malaria occur?
due to dormant form of parasite- known as hypnozoits
49
Lab diagnosis of Malaria
thick and thin smear of midnight blood during fever showing ring shaped organisms in RBCs
50
Treatment for Malaria
Chloroquin- kills hynozoits to prevent relapse
51
Prevention of Malaria
chemoprophylaxis with chloroquin
52
Definitive host for Toxoplasma Gondi
domestic cat
53
Intermediate host for Toxoplasma Gondi
man and other mammals like lamb and pig
54
How do cats get Toxoplasma Gondi infection?
through ingestion of cyst by eating raw meat - parasite multiplies in gut and excreted in feces
55
How do mammals get infected with Toxoplasma Gondi
mammals grace the soil contaminated with cats feces and gets infection
56
How do humans get infected with Toxoplasma Gondi?
ingestion of oocysts in undercooked meat/contaminated vegetables/ contact with cat feces- rapidly multiply and spread to brain, liver, lung, eyes
57
How are most Toxoplasma Gondi infections limited?
CMI and the organism persist in the tissues as cyst with out producing symptoms
58
Does transplacental transmission occur in Toxoplasma Gondi?
YES
59
Who is Toxoplasma Gondi asymptomatic in?
normal adults
60
What are symptoms of AIDS individuals with Toxoplasma Gondi?
chorio retinitis
61
What are symptoms of congenital infection with Toxoplasma Gondi?
may lead to abortion, still birth, neonatal disease with encephalitis, chorio retinitis, hepato splenomegaly, fever, jaundice
62
What is the most common cause of blindness in children in the US?
Toxoplasmosis Chorio retinitis
63
Lab diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondi?
detection of IgM Ab in infants. Crescent shaped trophozoits/cysts in tissues can be seen under microscope
64
Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondi?
sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine for congenital toxoplasmosis
65
How is Pneumocystis Carini transmitted?
inhalation- opportunistic infection
66
Clinical features of Pneumocystis Carni
fever, dry cough, bilateral rales and rhonchi
67
What is used diagnostically to diagnose Pneumocystis Carni?
Xray shows glass appearance, microscopic examination of bronchial lay age/lung tissue biopsy
68
Medication for Pneumocystis
Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
69
What does Trypanosoma cause?
Chagas disease in central and South America
70
How is Trypanosoma transmitted?
by reduvid bug- bites human on face and transmits parasites
71
Reservoirs of Trypanosoma disease?
humans and animals like cats and dogs
72
What does Trypanosoma gambiense cause?
sleeping sickness
73
What is the vector of Trypanosoma gambiense?
tsetse fly - endemic in Africa
74
What are the reservoirs for Trypanosoma gambiense?
human and domestic animals
75
Clinical features of Trypanosoma gambiense
lymph node enlargement followed by cyclical fever every 2 weeks, finally leading to encephalitis, coma and death
76
Treatment for Trypanosoma gambiense
suramin
77
Reservoirs for Leishmania donovani?
dogs, foxes, rodents
78
Vector for Leishmania donovani
Sand fly
79
What does Leishmania donovani cause?
disease known as Kala-azar. Sand fly bites humans and introduce infection, parasites multiply and infect reticulo endothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
80
Clinical manifestations of Leishmania donovani
intermittent fever, weakness, wait loss, enlargement of spleen, anemia with black discoloration of skin (black sickness), intermittent fever
81
Result of recovery of Leishmania donovani
results in permanent immunity, untreated cases become fatal
82
Treatment for Leishmania donovani
sodium stibogluconate
83
What three organisms are transmitted by same sand fly?
leishmania tropica, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania brasilliensis
84
Reservoirs for Leishmania donovani?
dogs, foxes, rodents
85
Vector for Leishmania donovani
Sand fly
86
What does Leishmania donovani cause?
disease known as Kala-azar. Sand fly bites humans and introduce infection, parasites multiply and infect reticulo endothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
87
Clinical manifestations of Leishmania donovani
intermittent fever, weakness, wait loss, enlargement of spleen, anemia with black discoloration of skin (black sickness), intermittent fever
88
Result of recovery of Leishmania donovani
results in permanent immunity, untreated cases become fatal
89
Treatment for Leishmania donovani
sodium stibogluconate
90
What are reservoir of these three organisms?
forest rodents
91
What do the three Leishmania organisms cause?
skin and mucous membrane lesions with cartilage destruction
92
What does L tropica cause?
cause skin ulcer "oriental sore"
93
What does L mexicana cause
in americans it causes Bay sore
94
What does L brasiliensis cause?
In brazil and S America it causes a disease known as Espundia- disfiguring ulcerating lesions with granulomas similar to leprosy
95
Drug of choice for Leishmania?
Sodium Stibugluconate

Microbiology (16 decks)

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