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Microbiology > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of organism are parasites?

A

eukaryotic organisms- animal cells

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2
Q

WHat is medical parasitology?

A

deals with eukaryotic organisms that cause disease among humans

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3
Q

Define protozoa and metazoa

A

protoza- unicellular

metazoa- multicellular

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4
Q

What are multicellular parasites known as

A

worms/Helminthes

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5
Q

What are the types of protozoa?

A

intestinal, urogenital, blood and tissue

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6
Q

What is Entamoeba Histolytica

A

Type of intestinal protozoa- known as ameba. Causes amoebic dysentry and liver abscess in humans

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7
Q

Who is the reservoir in Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

humans strictly

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8
Q

2 forms of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

vegetative form and durable form

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9
Q

What is the vegetative form?

A

active and motile- known as trophozoit- multiplies inside host

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10
Q

What is the durable form?

A

cyst- non motile and survive in environment for a few months

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11
Q

Where is vegetative form seen?

A

in intestinal, extra intestinal lesions and in diarrheal stool

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12
Q

Where is cystic form seen?

A

in non-diarrheal stool

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

disease acquired by ingestion of cyst- oral/fecal route- contaminated food and water

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14
Q

Pathology of cyst

A

differentiate in ileum and tend to colonize in caecum and colon

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15
Q

Pathology of trophozoite?

A

invade colonic epithelium- secrete proteolytic enzyme that cause localized necrosis- little inflammation occurs

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16
Q

Is Entamoeba Histolytica world wide in distribution?

A

YES

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

acute infection- dysentery, low abdominal discomfort, flatulence, tenesmus
chronic- occasional diarrhea, weight loss and fatigue

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18
Q

Define Amoebic liver abscess

A

Rt upper quadrant pain, weight loss, fever and tender enlarged liver

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19
Q

What happens if right lobe liver abscess bursts?

A

invade lung through diaphragm, causing lung abscess, anchovy sauce like pus

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20
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

stool examination may show cyst and vegetative forms- trophozoit contains ingested RBCs

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21
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba Histolytica

A

intestinal amoebiasis and liver abscess- Metronidazol/Tinidazol

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22
Q

Prevention of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

proper disposal of night soil/sanitation

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23
Q

Define Giardia lamblia

A

pear shaped trophozoit with 2 nuclei and 4 pairs of flagellum- suction disc which attaches to cell wall- cyst has 4 nuclei

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24
Q

Transmission of Giardia lamblia

A

ingestions- oral fecal route

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25
Q

What does Giardia lamblia cause?

A

excystation in duodenum, inflammation and mal absorption of protein + fat

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26
Q

What are the reservoirs for Giardia lamblia

A

human and animal - pass cyst in stool

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27
Q

Clinical features of Giardia lamblia

A

non bloody, foul smelling, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, abdominal cramps, persists for week/months, no fever

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28
Q

Treatment for Giardia lamblia

A

Metronidazol

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29
Q

Define Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Pear shaped trophozoit with single nuclei, 4 flagellum + undulating membrane

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30
Q

Is there a vegetative and cystic form for Trich?

A

just vegetative form

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31
Q

Transmission of Trich

A

primarily located in vagina and prostate- sexual transmission only

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32
Q

Clinical manifestations of Trich

A

fowl smelling greenish vaginal discharge with itching and burning

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33
Q

Who is trich more symptomatic in?

A

sexually active women in their 30s- lower in post menopausal women

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34
Q

Lab diagnosis of Trich

A

wet mount of vaginal secretion or prostatic secretions shows pear shaped organism with typical herky movement

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35
Q

Treatment for Trich

A

Metronidazol

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36
Q

What does Plasmodium cause?

A

Malaria

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37
Q

What are the four species of Malaria?

A

Pl vivax, ovale, malariae, falciparum

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38
Q

What is the definitive host of Malaria?

A

blood sucking female anopheles mosquito

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39
Q

What is the intermediate host of Malaria?

A

human

40
Q

Where does the parasite of Malaria multiply?

A

mosquitos and human

41
Q

Cycle of mosquito multiplication in Malaria?

A

sexual cycle and form parasite known as sporozoite

42
Q

Cycle of Human multiplication in Malaria

A

asexual multiplication take place in liver or RBCs and form parasite known Merozoits

43
Q

Pathogenesis of Malaria

A

parasite infects and multiplies in RBCs which are destroyed by spleen causing enlargement of spleen

44
Q

What does Malariae release?

A

merozoits every 72 hours- fever and chills occur every 4th day, others release every 48 hours re occurring every third day

45
Q

Malaria caused by what is more severe?

A

falciparum - more RBCs effected leading to hemorrhage and necrosis of brain

46
Q

What ethnicity is resistant to Malaria?

A

African Americans because they have sickle cell trait

47
Q

Clinical manifestations of Malaria?

A

starts as abrupt fever, chills, head ache, myalgia- fever subsides then intense sweating- periodic fever
splenomegaly, anemia, falciparum

48
Q

Why can relapse in malaria occur?

A

due to dormant form of parasite- known as hypnozoits

49
Q

Lab diagnosis of Malaria

A

thick and thin smear of midnight blood during fever showing ring shaped organisms in RBCs

50
Q

Treatment for Malaria

A

Chloroquin- kills hynozoits to prevent relapse

51
Q

Prevention of Malaria

A

chemoprophylaxis with chloroquin

52
Q

Definitive host for Toxoplasma Gondi

A

domestic cat

53
Q

Intermediate host for Toxoplasma Gondi

A

man and other mammals like lamb and pig

54
Q

How do cats get Toxoplasma Gondi infection?

A

through ingestion of cyst by eating raw meat - parasite multiplies in gut and excreted in feces

55
Q

How do mammals get infected with Toxoplasma Gondi

A

mammals grace the soil contaminated with cats feces and gets infection

56
Q

How do humans get infected with Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

ingestion of oocysts in undercooked meat/contaminated vegetables/ contact with cat feces- rapidly multiply and spread to brain, liver, lung, eyes

57
Q

How are most Toxoplasma Gondi infections limited?

A

CMI and the organism persist in the tissues as cyst with out producing symptoms

58
Q

Does transplacental transmission occur in Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

YES

59
Q

Who is Toxoplasma Gondi asymptomatic in?

A

normal adults

60
Q

What are symptoms of AIDS individuals with Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

chorio retinitis

61
Q

What are symptoms of congenital infection with Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

may lead to abortion, still birth, neonatal disease with encephalitis, chorio retinitis, hepato splenomegaly, fever, jaundice

62
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in children in the US?

A

Toxoplasmosis Chorio retinitis

63
Q

Lab diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

detection of IgM Ab in infants. Crescent shaped trophozoits/cysts in tissues can be seen under microscope

64
Q

Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondi?

A

sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine for congenital toxoplasmosis

65
Q

How is Pneumocystis Carini transmitted?

A

inhalation- opportunistic infection

66
Q

Clinical features of Pneumocystis Carni

A

fever, dry cough, bilateral rales and rhonchi

67
Q

What is used diagnostically to diagnose Pneumocystis Carni?

A

Xray shows glass appearance, microscopic examination of bronchial lay age/lung tissue biopsy

68
Q

Medication for Pneumocystis

A

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

69
Q

What does Trypanosoma cause?

A

Chagas disease in central and South America

70
Q

How is Trypanosoma transmitted?

A

by reduvid bug- bites human on face and transmits parasites

71
Q

Reservoirs of Trypanosoma disease?

A

humans and animals like cats and dogs

72
Q

What does Trypanosoma gambiense cause?

A

sleeping sickness

73
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma gambiense?

A

tsetse fly - endemic in Africa

74
Q

What are the reservoirs for Trypanosoma gambiense?

A

human and domestic animals

75
Q

Clinical features of Trypanosoma gambiense

A

lymph node enlargement followed by cyclical fever every 2 weeks, finally leading to encephalitis, coma and death

76
Q

Treatment for Trypanosoma gambiense

A

suramin

77
Q

Reservoirs for Leishmania donovani?

A

dogs, foxes, rodents

78
Q

Vector for Leishmania donovani

A

Sand fly

79
Q

What does Leishmania donovani cause?

A

disease known as Kala-azar. Sand fly bites humans and introduce infection, parasites multiply and infect reticulo endothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow)

80
Q

Clinical manifestations of Leishmania donovani

A

intermittent fever, weakness, wait loss, enlargement of spleen, anemia with black discoloration of skin (black sickness), intermittent fever

81
Q

Result of recovery of Leishmania donovani

A

results in permanent immunity, untreated cases become fatal

82
Q

Treatment for Leishmania donovani

A

sodium stibogluconate

83
Q

What three organisms are transmitted by same sand fly?

A

leishmania tropica, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania brasilliensis

84
Q

Reservoirs for Leishmania donovani?

A

dogs, foxes, rodents

85
Q

Vector for Leishmania donovani

A

Sand fly

86
Q

What does Leishmania donovani cause?

A

disease known as Kala-azar. Sand fly bites humans and introduce infection, parasites multiply and infect reticulo endothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow)

87
Q

Clinical manifestations of Leishmania donovani

A

intermittent fever, weakness, wait loss, enlargement of spleen, anemia with black discoloration of skin (black sickness), intermittent fever

88
Q

Result of recovery of Leishmania donovani

A

results in permanent immunity, untreated cases become fatal

89
Q

Treatment for Leishmania donovani

A

sodium stibogluconate

90
Q

What are reservoir of these three organisms?

A

forest rodents

91
Q

What do the three Leishmania organisms cause?

A

skin and mucous membrane lesions with cartilage destruction

92
Q

What does L tropica cause?

A

cause skin ulcer “oriental sore”

93
Q

What does L mexicana cause

A

in americans it causes Bay sore

94
Q

What does L brasiliensis cause?

A

In brazil and S America it causes a disease known as Espundia- disfiguring ulcerating lesions with granulomas similar to leprosy

95
Q

Drug of choice for Leishmania?

A

Sodium Stibugluconate

Microbiology (16 decks)

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