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Anatomy 2 > Lecture 7: Musculoskeletal - Equine hoof (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Musculoskeletal - Equine hoof (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

No hoof = ?

A

No horse

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2
Q

Define the periople

A

Protective layer to prevent desiccation analogous to a cuticle

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3
Q

Label the orange circle

A

Periople

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4
Q

Define the wall of the hoof

A

Primary weight bearing structure protection, force dissipation, traction, keratinized, & tubular epidermis

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the wall

A
  • Toe
  • Quarter
  • Heel
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6
Q

Label the following

A
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7
Q

Define the Bars

A
  • Extension of the wall
  • Provides additional weight bearing surface
  • Prevents excessive expansion (buttress)
  • Strengthens the palmar aspect
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8
Q

Label the teal & pink line

A
  • Teal: Bar
  • Pink: Wall
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9
Q

What does the heel do

A
  • Shock absorption
  • Distributes of forces
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10
Q

Describe the while line

A
  • Junction btw/ the solar & laminar epidermis
  • Area where nails are driven in on a shod horse
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11
Q

What is this

A

The white line

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12
Q

Label the following:

A
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13
Q

Describe the sole

A
  • Protects the bottom of P3
  • Bears less weight compared to the wall (bottom of the hoof is concave)
  • Provides traction
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14
Q

Label the purple area & the black arrow:

A
  • Purple: Sole
  • Black arrow: Angle of the sole
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15
Q

Define the frog

A
  • Lies over the digital cushion (peripheral pump)
  • Provides traction
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16
Q

Label the blue triangle, yellow lines, & orange line

A
  • Blue = Frog
  • Yellow = Collateral sulci
  • Orange = Central sulcus
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17
Q

Why is it called the frog

A

Probably reminded the early railroad men of the triangular area where 2 tracks met

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18
Q

Define the coronary band

A

Hoof wall (coronary epidermis) Overlying the coronary dermis

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19
Q

Label the yellow line

A

Coronary band

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20
Q

Describe the coronet

A

Junction btw/ the hoof wall & the skin (epidermis)

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21
Q

Label the blue line

A

Coronet

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22
Q

Label the following:

A
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23
Q

Corium = ?

A

Dermis

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24
Q

Hoof epidermis is (Keratinized/unkeratinized)

A

Keratinized

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25
Q

List the dermal layers

A
  • Coronary Dermis
  • Laminar Dermis
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26
Q

Label the following:

A
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27
Q

Describe the coronary dermis

A
  • Supplies keratinized coronary epidermis that forms the tubule & intertubule horn
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28
Q

What does the laminar dermis supply

A

The laminar epidermis

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29
Q

Label the epidermal layers

A
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30
Q

What is the mm of hoof growth per month

A
  • 6 to 9 mm
  • may be ~ 3 mm in winter
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31
Q

Label the following

A
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32
Q

Explain the steps of hoof wall growth

A
  1. Keratinized coronary epidermis formed by basal epidermal cells @ the coronary band (tubular) (purple line)
  2. Continuous w/ keratinized laminar epidermis (orange line)
  3. Desmosomes detach btw/ epidermal & dermal lamina to let coronary laminar epidermis “ratchet” (move down) (blue arrow)
33
Q

Label the following:

A
34
Q

Describe sole growth

A
  • Horn tubules orientated vertically
  • Growth limited by curling of tubules @ ground
  • Slower than wall growth
35
Q

T/F: Horses walk on the third phalanx

A

F; P3 is suspended in the hoof capsule by the lamina

36
Q

Laminar dermis -blank- & supplies the laminar -blank-

A
  • interdigitates
  • Epidermis
37
Q

Label the following:

A
38
Q

What happens if the suspensory apparatus fails

A
  • Rotating
  • Sinking
39
Q

Why does the suspensory apparatus of P3 fail

A
  • Under investigation
  • Insuling dysreg
  • Endothelial cell & vascular dysfun
40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q

What conditions can cause the suspensory appartus of P3 to fail

A
  • Metabolic syndrom & insulin resistance
  • Pars Pituitary Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID or Cushing’s)
  • Endotoxemia (like colic, retained placenta, colitis)
  • Physical demand
43
Q

How do arteries enter the palmar & plantar aspect of P3

A

Through a foramen

44
Q

Where does venous drainage primarily occur on the palmar & plantar aspect of P3

A

Along the dorsal border of P3

45
Q

Name the extensive branching of veins found in the hoof

A

Venous Plexuses

46
Q

Label the following:

A
47
Q

Describe the palmar venous plexus

A
  • In the sole corium
  • Around the toe
  • Btw/ the sole & digital cushion
48
Q
A
48
Q

Where is the dorsal venous plexus

A

The laminar corium

49
Q

Describe the coronary venous plexus

A
  • At the coronet - in the coronary & perioplic corium
  • Drains into the digital veins
  • Cuts @ the coronet bleed
50
Q

Label the following:

A
51
Q
A

Digital vein?

52
Q

Describe the collateral cartilages

A
  • Attaches to P3
  • Structural support for heel bulbs
  • Shock absorption (dissipates force through their expansion)
  • Involved in blood pumping action of the foot
53
Q

Label the following:

A
54
Q

Label the following:

A
55
Q

What functions as a “pump” in the hoof (or digit 3)

A

Digital cushion b/c there is no muscle in the digit

56
Q

Explain how the digital cushion functions as a pump

A
  • When the horse bears weight the digital cushion expands & the veins are compressed which causes blood to pool in the venous plexus & digital cushion (diastolic phase)
  • When the horse lifts the hoof the digital cushion contracts & the veins open so that blood is forced out (systolic phase)
57
Q

Describe the navicular bone (Distal sesamoidean bone)

A
  • Functions as any other sesamoidean bone
  • Acts as a pulley to decreas strain on the DDF tendon as it changes direction to cross the coffin joint & decreases the work of the DDF tendon to act on the P3 (increases the mechanical effect)
58
Q

Label the red line

A

The navicular bone

59
Q

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A
60
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61
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62
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63
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64
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65
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66
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67
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68
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69
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70
Q

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71
Q

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72
Q

What parts/how of the hoof are needed for traction

A
  • Frog
  • Concave shape of the hoof
  • Wall
73
Q

How does the hoof help with support of the skeletal column

A
  • Weight of the horse being transmitted via the lamina to the hoof wall
  • Suspends P3
73
Q

What parts/how of the hoof is needed for shock absorption

A
  • Digital cushion
  • The ability to expand the hoof @ the heels
74
Q

Whats parts/ how does the hoof protect the inner structures

A
  • Periople protects them from evaporation
  • Hoof wall protects the lamina
75
Q

What parts/how does the hoof use for venous return (peripheral pump)

A
  • Frog
  • Digital cushion
  • Collateral cartilages
76
Q

Label the following:

A

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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