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Anatomy 2 > DOG exam 2: general nervous system concept > Flashcards

DOG exam 2: general nervous system concept Flashcards

1
Q

CNS: Central Nervous System is split into 2 structures. what are those structures?

A

Encephalon (Brain)
Spinal cord (Medulla Spinalis)

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2
Q

Part of the NS that is protected by bony cavities (Cranial cavity and vertebral canal), and three layes of membranes known as meninges

A

CNS: Central Nervous System

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3
Q

Anatomical divisions of the Nervous system s

A

CNS (central nervous system)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)

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4
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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5
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

36 pairs

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6
Q

PNS: Peripheral Nervous System consist of (3)

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Spinal nerves (36 pairs)

Nerves & trunks of autonomic nerve system (ANS)

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7
Q

Functional divisions of the Nervous system (2)

A

SNS: Somatic Nervous System
ANS: Autonomic Nervous System

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8
Q

Is the Somatic Nervous system
voluntary or involuntary?
skeletal or smooth?

A

voluntary, skeletal

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9
Q

Is the Autonomic Nervous system
voluntary or involuntary?
skeletal or smooth?

A

involuntary
visceral(smooth, heart, glands)

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10
Q

In the CNS many somas are called (general term)

A

grey matter

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11
Q

In the CNS specific somas are called

A

nucleus (bunch of somas with specific function)
or
cortex (layer of somas)

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12
Q

In the CNS a group of axons is called (general term)

A

white matter

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13
Q

the terms tract, funiculo, fasciculus, lemniscus, and peduncle all refer to

A

axons in the CNS

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14
Q

association, projection and comminssural are terms for

A

fibers in CNS related to axon in CNS

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15
Q

If you take a sample from the CNS and you notice a mix of somas and axons, what is it called

A

reticular formation

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16
Q

In the PNS, a group of somas are called

A

ganglion

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17
Q

In the PNS, if we have a group of axons they are called

A

nerves, root, trunk or branches

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18
Q

do you have nerves in your brain

A

no, they’re tract, funiculo, fasciculus, lemniscus, and peduncles

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19
Q

Is there a reticular formation in the PNS

A

NO

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20
Q

what 3 main layers form the embryo

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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21
Q

in embryonic development, what layer is neural tissue, epidermis

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

in embryonic development, what layer develops into somites that differentiate into skeletal and muscle tissues, the notochord, blood vessels,
dermis, and connective tissues

A

Mesoderm

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23
Q

in embryonic development, what layer epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas

A

Endoderm

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24
Q

the ____________ is formed in the ectoderm,
dorsal to the notochord of the mesoderm

A

neural plate

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25
Q

The cells in the neural plate form a ____________

A

neural groove

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26
Q

The cells in the borders of the neural groove form the ____________

A

neural crests

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27
Q

The cells of neural crests will form most of what system

A

Peripheral nerve system, including ganglia and spinal nerves

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28
Q

The rest of cells in the neural groove will close and form the _____________, including the _________ in the middle

A

neural tube, neural canal

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29
Q

The neural tube will form what system

A

Central nerve system, including encephalon and spinal cord.

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30
Q

what kind of section is this

A

transverse section

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31
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. neural canal
  3. neural tube
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32
Q

label 1 (what structure is teal)
label 2 (what is leaving)

A
  1. dorsal gray column- receive info from outside
  2. axons of ventral root- send info towards tissues
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33
Q

what is being pointed to

A

Encephalic vesicles

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34
Q

Prosencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

A

forebrain

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35
Q

Mesencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

36
Q

Rombencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

37
Q

label 1-3

A
  1. Prosencephalon- forebrain
  2. Mesencephalon- midbrain
  3. Rombencephalon-hindbrain
38
Q

limit between Spinal cord and brainstem is known as what part of the spinal cord

A

Pyramidal decussation:

39
Q

the Caudal end of the spinal cord is called

A

Medullary cone

40
Q

name parts 1and 2 of the spinal cord

A
  1. Pyramidal decussation:
  2. Medullary cone
41
Q

Place where the pyramidal fiber (upper motor neurons) cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord

A

Pyramidal decussation

42
Q

what is the red arrow pointing to (be specific)

A

Pyramidal decussation

43
Q

Medullary cone, end of spinal cord is located where in the cat? dog?

A

Cats: Between S2 & S3
Dogs: Between L6 & L7

44
Q

the segments that gives origin to the nerves
supplying the thoracic and pelvic limbs are called

A

intumescentiae (enlarged part of spinal cord)

45
Q

Cervical intumescence are located in what vertebrae

A

C6–T2: thoracic limbs innervation

46
Q

Lumbar intumescence are located in what vertebrae

A

L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera
innervation

47
Q

these are showing the spinal cord in what cross section

A

transverse section

48
Q

the funiculi are composed of _________________ axon fibers, of which many are grouped within bundles (fasciculi or tracts) of common origin,
destination, and function

A

ascending and descending

49
Q

label from top to bottom

A

“highways”
top= Dorsal funiculus
middle= Lateral funiculus
bottom=ventral funiculus

50
Q

what is being represented in blue? red?

A

blue= ascending axon fibers
red= descending axon fibers

51
Q

what is the blue arrow pointing to? red? green?

A

blue: Dorsal horn
red: Lateral horn Thoracic & Lumbar segments
green: Ventral horn

52
Q

what does blue represent? red?

A

blue: Sensory or Afferent
From the body toward CNS

red: Motor or Efferent (effect):
Toward a muscle or gland

53
Q

Label 1-4 TOWARDS THE CNS

A
  1. Spinal nerve (sensory/motor)
  2. Spinal ganglion
  3. dorsal root
  4. dorsal horn
54
Q

label 1-3 TOWARDS MUSCLE/GLAND

A

1.ventral horn
2. ventral root
3. spinal nerve (sensory/motor)

55
Q

Afferent neurons are ____________ neurons

A

Pseudounipolar

56
Q

label 1-3

A
  1. spinal ganglion
  2. spinal nerve
  3. intervertebral foramen
57
Q

what rootlets are represented by blue? red?

A

blue: dorsal rootlets
red: ventral rootlets

58
Q

neural canal expands to form

59
Q

all spinal nerves are within the intervertebral foramen except

60
Q

Domestic dog has ____ pairs of cervical spinal nn

61
Q

Domestic dog has ____pairs of thoracic spinal nn

62
Q

Domestic dog has ____pairs of lumbar spinal nn.

63
Q

Domestic dog has ____pairs of sacral spinal nn

64
Q

Domestic dog has ____pairs of caudal spinal nn

65
Q

what is being pointed to

A

dorsal rootlets of C1

66
Q

Label A-E sections of the spinal cord

A

A: Cervical (C1–5: neck)

B: Cervical intumescence (C6–T2: thoracic limbs)

C: Thoracolumbar (T3–L3: trunk)

D: Lumbosacral intumescence (L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera)

E:Caudal segments (Cd1–5: tail)

67
Q

GSE neurons stands for

A

General
Somatic
Efferent

68
Q

what does E stand for in GSE neuron

A

Efferent

Motor impulse to a skeletal
muscle

That will stimulate the contraction of the muscle cells

69
Q

GSE neurons live in the __________

A

ventral horn

70
Q

how many GSE neurons leave ventral horn and go to skeletal muscle

A

one neuron

(can have a bunch of one neuron signals)

71
Q

is confined to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), you may think of it as a “central motor neuron”

A

Upper motor neuron (UMN)

72
Q

has its cell body in the CNS, but the the axon is in the periphery, you may think of itas a “peripheral motor neuron”

A

Lower motor neuron (LMN)

73
Q

Describe where the motor neuron is in 1-3

A
  1. Soma of motor neuron in ventral horn
  2. ventral horn
  3. Motor neuron in dorsal branch of
    spinal nerve
74
Q

Describe where the motor neuron is in 1-3

A

1.Motor neuron in ventral root
2. Motor neuron in spinal nerve
3. Motor neuron in ventral branch of spinal nerve

75
Q

What does GSA neuron stand for

A

General Somatic Afferent

76
Q

GSA neuron:

Receptors in skin, cornea, mucosa, hair/feather follicle, connective tissue is referred to as

A

Tactile and nociception

77
Q

GSA neuron:

Length changes Receptors in tendons,
Ligaments, muscles, joints is referred to collectively as

A

Proprioception

78
Q

Is Afferent towards or away from CNS

A

transmit sensory impulses towards CNS

79
Q

A reflex comprises three parts

list them.

A

Sensory input
Central connection
Output

80
Q

peripheral receptor- afferent neuron

what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

A

sensory input

81
Q

in the brain or spinal cord- interneuron

what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

A

central connection

82
Q

lower (peripheral) motor neuron that
connects to the muscle via a neuromuscular junction

what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

83
Q

Damage to any one of the reflex components (sensory, central connection, and output) will result in a

A

reduction or loss of the reflex

84
Q

Gravity (arrow) stretches the extensor muscle, stimulating its contraction via the reflex arc.

The flexor muscle is inhibited
by a collateral fiber and an inhibiting interneuron

A

Myotatic reflex arc

85
Q

Damage to UMNs reflexes will still be present; they may even be increased due to loss of ___________________

A

inhibitory UMN influence

86
Q

Damage to LMNs results in

A

Reduced/lost reflexes

Anatomy 2 (38 decks)

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