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Anatomy 2 > Lecture 4: Equine Pelvic Limb pt 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Equine Pelvic Limb pt 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle create the round rump in equine

A
  • large gluteal muscles
  • the caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles
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2
Q

Caudal thigh muscles have what type of heads

A

vertebral heads

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3
Q

What do the gluteal muscles do

A

Collectively act to extend, abduct, & medially rotate the limb @ the coxal joint

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4
Q

What do the coudal thing (aka hamstring) muscles do

A

Collectively act in extension of the coxal joint & flexion of the stifle joint when it is not bearing weight

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5
Q

Label the following:

A
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6
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the superficial gluteal m

A
  • O: Tuber coxae & gluteal fascia
  • I: Third trochanter
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7
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the middle gluteal m

A
  • O: Gluteal surface of the ilium, tuber coxae, & sacrosciatic ligament
  • I: Greater trochanter (cd part) & the proximal femur btw/ the greater & third trochanters
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8
Q

Label the following:

* Deeper dissection of the equine left pelvis
A
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9
Q

T/F: the accessory gluteal muscle is considered to be a part of the middle gluteal m

A

F: This deeper muscle is often considered a seperate muscle

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10
Q

What is the trochanteric bursa

A

Where the middle gluteal tendon of insertion passes over the cranial part of the greater trochanter

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11
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the deep gluteal m

A
  • O: Body of the ilium & ischiatic spine
  • I: Greater trochanter (cranial part)
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12
Q

Label the following:

* Deep dissection of the equine left pelvis
A
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13
Q

What is the common PELVIC origin of all the caudal thigh muscles

A

Tuber ischii

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14
Q

What is the origin of the biceps femoris

A
  • Sacrum
  • sarcosciatic ligament
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15
Q

What is the more proximal vertebral origins of the semitendinosus

A
  • Sacrosciatic ligament
  • Caudal vertebrae
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16
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the semimembranosus

A

Caudal-most edge of sacrosciatic ligament

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17
Q

List the muscles that make up the caudal thigh

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
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18
Q

Label the following:

A
  • 1 = Biceps femoris
  • 2 = Semitendinosus
  • 3 = semimembranosus
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19
Q

What are the insertions of the 3 parts of the bicep femoris

A
  • patella & lateral patellar ligament
  • cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect)
  • Crural fascia & tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon
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20
Q

Label the insertions of the following

A
  • 1 = patella & lateral patellar ligament
  • 2 = Cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect)
  • 3 = Crural fascia & tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon
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21
Q

Where does the semitendinosus insert

A
  • Cranial border of the tibia (medial aspect)
  • Tuber calcanei via the common calcanean tendon
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22
Q

Where does the semimembranosus insert

A
  • Medial epicondyle of the femur
  • Medial collateral ligament of the stifle
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23
Q

Label A, B, & C

A
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24
Q

What nerve supplies the vertebral heads of the biceps femoris & semitendinosus mm

A

Caudal gluteal nerve

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25
Q

What nerve supplies the pelvic head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, & the sememembranosus mm

A

Sciatic n

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26
Q

Label A & B

A
  • A = semitendinosus muscle
  • B = Biceps femoris m.
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27
Q

What muscles doe the cranial gluteal nerve supply

A
  • Tensor fasciae latae m
  • Deep gluteal muscle
  • Middle gluteal muscle
  • Superficial gluteal m
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28
Q

What muscles does the caudal gluteal nerve supply

A
  • Middle gluteal muscle
  • Superficial gluteal muscle
  • Biceps femoris m
  • Semitendinosus m
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29
Q

Label A - C

A
  • A = Superficial gluteal muscle
  • B = Middle gluteal m
  • C = Tensor fasciae latae m
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30
Q

OI of the sartorius m

A

O: Psoas fascia & tendon
I: Medial aspect of stifle

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31
Q

OI of the Gracilis

A

O: Pelvic symphysis via symphyseal tendon
I: Medial aspect of stifle & cranial border of the tibia

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32
Q

OI of Adductor m

A

O: Ventral surface of the pubis & ischium; symphyseal tendon
I: Caudal aspect of the medial epicondyle of the femur

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33
Q

OI of Pectineus

A

O: Margin of pubis (pecten)
I: Medial surface of the femur

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34
Q

What muscles does the obturator nerve supply motor function to

A
  • Gracillis
  • Adductor
  • Pectineus
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35
Q

What muscle is innervated by the saphenous nerve

A

Sartorius

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36
Q

Label the following A - D

A
  • A = Sartorius m
  • B = Pectineus
  • C = Gracilis
  • D = Adductor
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37
Q

Label A & B

A

A = Sartorius
B = Gracilis

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38
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Iliopsosas
B = Sacrosciatic ligament
C = Pectineus
D = Adductor

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39
Q

What muscle forms the caudal border and which one forms the cranial border of the femoral triangle

A
  • Caudal border: Pectineus m
  • Cranial border: Sartorius m
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40
Q

What nerve emerges from the iliopsoas m

A

Femoral n

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41
Q

What nerve passes through the obturator foramen

A

Obturator n

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42
Q

What nerve innervates the sartorius m

A

Saphenous n

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43
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A: Femoral n
  • B: Obturator n
  • C: Obturator n
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44
Q

What muscles are lateral rotators of the hip (the ones in equine are the same as in a canine)

A
  • External obturator
  • Internal obturator
  • Gemelli
  • Quadratus femoris
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45
Q

Where do the lateral rotators of the hip insert

A
  • Trochanteric fossa
  • Trochanteric crest of the femur
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46
Q

Label A & B:

A
  • A = External obturator m
  • B = Quadratus femoris m
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47
Q

Describe the internal obturator m

A
  • A pelvic floor muscle dorsal to the obturator foramen
  • The tendon of insertion passes over the lesser ischiatic notch
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48
Q

Describe the crainal & caudal gemelli

A
  • Originates from the ischium
  • Ventral to the lesser ischiatic notch
  • Appears to be two identical muscles on either side of the internal obturator tendon
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49
Q

Describe the quadratus femoris

A
  • Originates from the ventral aspect of the ilium
  • Inserts on trochanteric crest of the femur
50
Q

Label the following including the purple, yellow, & orange arrows

A
  • A: Trochanteric fossa
  • B: Trochanteric Crest
  • C: Lesser ischiatic notch
  • Purple: Cranial & Caudal gemelli m
  • Yellow: Internal obturator
  • Orange: Quadratus femoris
51
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps femoris muscle group

A

Extend the stifle

52
Q

What muscle comprise the quadriceps femoris

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
53
Q

Where do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group insert

A
  • Patella
  • Tibial tuberosity
54
Q

How do the quadriceps femoris muscle group attach to the patella & tibial tuberosity

A

By patellar ligaments

55
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A = Quadriceps femoris m
  • B = Medial patellar ligament
  • C = Medial collateral ligament of the stifle
  • D = Medial meniscus
56
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A = Patella
  • B = Tibial tuberosity
  • 1,2, & 3 = Patellar ligaments
57
Q

Where does the rectus femoris originate

A

From the body of ilium (rectus femoris area), craniodorsal to the acetabulum

58
Q

What muscle in the quadriceps femoris muscle group is the only one that crosses the hip joint

A

Rectus femoris m

59
Q

T/F: the rectus femoris flexes the hip

A

True

60
Q

Where do the vastus muscles originate from

A

The proximal aspect of the femur

61
Q

What muscle is the black star on

A

Rectus femoris m

62
Q

Describe the Cranial Tibial m in large animals

A
  • it is not the most superficial muscle of the crus
  • Located deep to the other craniolateral mm
  • Sits right against the tibia
63
Q

Describe the fibularis (peroneus) tertius m in equine

A
  • Fibrous band in the horse
  • not found in the dog
64
Q

Describe the Fibularis (peroneus) longus m in equine

A

Not present in the horse

65
Q

Describe the soleus m in equine

A
  • Very small but still present in large animals (& in the cat)
  • Not present in dogs
  • Contributes to common calcanean tendon
66
Q

Label the following:

A
  • 1 = Cranial tibial m
  • 2 = Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m
  • 4 = Soleus m
67
Q

Describe the long and lateral digital extensor

A
  • Are equivalent to common & lateral digital extensor mm of the thoracic limb
  • Equine lateral digital extensor tendon joins the tendon of the long digital extensor
68
Q

Describe the DDF & SDF mm in equine

A
  • Similar to the thoracic limb
  • DDF has medial & lateral heads (AKA medial digital flexor & lateral digital flexor mm)
69
Q

T/F: the gastrocnemius & popliteus mm are different in all species

A

False they are all similar

70
Q

Label the following:

A
  • 5a: long digital extensor mm
  • 5b: Lateral digital extensor
  • 6: Digital flexors
  • 7: Gastrocnemius & popliteus mm
71
Q

What is the collective action of the cranial muscle of the crus

A

Flexion of the hock

72
Q

What nerve innervates the cranial muscles of the crus

A

Common fibular n

73
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A = Cranial tibial m
  • B = Long digital extensor m
  • Peroneus tertius
74
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the cranial tibial m

A
  • O: lateral condyle of the tibial
  • I: Dorsal tendon on the metatarsal tuberosity & Medial tendon inserts on the fused tarsal 1 & 2 bones
75
Q

What is the black star on

A

Metatarsal tuberosity

76
Q

What is the blue star on

A

Fused tarsal bones 1 & 2

77
Q

What is cunean bursa & where is it located

A
  • A bursa affiliated w/ the medial tendon of the cranial tibial m
  • Located btw/ the cunean tendon & the underlying medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joints
78
Q

Describe the peroneus (fibularis) tertius including the origin & insertion

A
  • Origin: extensor fossa of the femur (in common w/ the long digital extensor m)
  • Insertion via 2 tendons: Dorsal tendon (tarsal bone 3 & metarsal bone 3) & lateral tendon (Calcaneus & trasal bone IV)
  • Passes through the extensor groove of the tibia
  • Forms a tunnel through which the tendon of the cranial tibial m passes
79
Q

What are the blue X’s on

lateral view
A

The calcaneus & tarsal bone IV

80
Q

What are the Black X’s on & what muscle/ tendons are highlighted in yellow

A
  • X’s = Tarsal bone 3 & Metatarsal bone 3
  • Yellow: Peroneus (fibularis) Tertius
81
Q

What is the origin of the long digital extensor

A
  • Extensor fossa of the femur (has this in common with the long peroneus tertius m)
  • Passes through the extensor groove of the tibia
82
Q

What is the origin of the lateral digital extensor

A

The lateral collateral ligament of the stifle

83
Q

Where do the tendons of the long & lateral digital extensor unite

A

@ the level of the metatarsus distal to the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

84
Q

What is the insertion & action of the the long & lateral digital extensors

A
  • I: Extensor process of the distal phalanx 3
  • A: Flexes the hock & extends digit
85
Q

What nerve innervates the long & lateral digital extensor

A

Common fibular n

86
Q

Label the following:

A
87
Q

What tendons make up the crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum

A
  • Long digital extensor tendon
  • Peroneus tertius tendon
  • Cranial tibial tendon
88
Q

What tendon makes up the tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum

A

Long digital extensor tendon

89
Q

What tendons make up the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

A
  • long digital extensor tendon
  • Lateral digital extensor tendon
90
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A = Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
  • B = Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
  • C = Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum
91
Q

Label A - C

A
  • A = Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
  • B = Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
  • C = Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum
92
Q

Where can the short digital extensor be seen

A
93
Q

Label the following:

A
94
Q

What is the collective action of the caudal muscles of the crus

A

Extension of the hock

95
Q

What nerve innervates the caudal muscles of the crus

A

Tibial n

96
Q

Label the following:

A
97
Q

What it the origin & insertion of the Gastrocemius & Soleus muscle

A
  • O: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur (lateral head of the gastrocnemius), the medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur (medial head ot the gastrocnemius), & the fibula (soleus)
  • I: Calcaneal tuber
98
Q

Label the green & blue arrows along with “A”

A
  • Green arrows: Gastrocnemius m.
  • Blue arrow: Soleus m.
  • A: Supracondylar tuberosities
99
Q

What is the OIA of the SDF

A
  • O: Supracondylar fossa of the femur
  • I: Calcaneal tuber; eminences (medial & lateral) on the palmar & distal aspect of the proximal phalanx & proximal aspect of the middle phalanx
  • A: Extension of the hock, flexion of the fetlock & pastern joints, & conteracts flexion (buckling forward) of pastern joint when the weight bearing
100
Q

T/F: There is a proximal check ligament in the hindlimb

A

False there is no proximal check ligament

101
Q

OIA of the DDF

A
  • O: lateral condyle of tibia & caudal proximal surface of the tibia
  • I: Flexor surface of the distal phalanx
  • A: Extension of the hock & flexion of all digital joints
102
Q

Describe the semilunar line

A

A line that partitions the solar surface of P3 into a flat part (planum cutaneum) & a flexor surface where the tendon of the DDF m inserts

103
Q

Label the following:

A
  • A = Popliteus m.
  • B = Medial digital flexor m.
  • C = Lateral digital flexor m.
  • D = Deep digital flexor m.
104
Q

What are the synovial structures of the digital flexor muscles

A
  • Calcanean bursae
  • Tarsal sheath
  • Digital sheath
105
Q

Describe the calcanean bursae

A
  • Is found SQ btw/ the skin & the SDF tendon
  • Found subteninous located deep to the SDF tendon where it passes over the point of the hock
106
Q

Describe the tarsal sheath

A

Surround the lateral digital flexor tendon from ~ 2 - 3 inches proximal to the medial malleolus to a quarter of the way down the metatarsus

107
Q

Describe the digital sheath

A
  • Surrounds the tendons of the SDF & DDF proximal & distal to the fetlock
  • Extends from the distal quarter of the cannon bone (MT 3) to the middle of the short pastern bone (P2)
108
Q

What are the major components of the reciprocal apparatus

A
  • the SDF m
  • The peroneus tertius m
109
Q

Describe the reciprocal apparatus

A
  • Converts the limb into a pantograph (femur & metatarsus move in parallel)
  • Links the action btw/ the stifle & the hock
110
Q

Reciprocal apparatus: If the stifle flexes what happens

A
  • There is a pull on the PT which causes the hock to flex in
111
Q

Reciprocal apparatus: If the stifle extends what happens

A

There is a pull on the SDF which causes the hock to extend in reciprocation

112
Q

Describe the Passive stay

A
  • If the stifle can be locked in extension then the hock will lock in extension as well
  • Uses fibrous comonents to conserve muscle energy by using the patellar locking mechanism
113
Q

Describe the patellar lock mechanism

A
  • The patella is pulled onto the resting surface of the tubercle of the medial trochlear ridge by the quadriceps femoris m.
  • The medial & intermediate patellar ligament (along w/ the parapeatellar firbrocartilage & patella) form a loop around the medial trochlear ridge
  • the medial rotation of the patella locks it in place on the resting surface
114
Q

Describe upward fixation of the patella

A
  • A clinical condition in which the patella becomes lock on the trochlear resting surface
  • Commonly known as stifled horse
115
Q

What is the common cause of stifled horse

A

Neuromuscular disorders or spasms of the medial thigh muscles

116
Q

How can a temporary lock of the patella on the trochlear resting surface be broken

A
  • By startling a horse into sudden movement
  • Forcing the horse to walk backwards
117
Q

T/F: A persistent lock of the patella on the trochlear resting surface may require surgical intervention

A

True

118
Q

What results in peg leg

A

Upward fixation of the patella preventing flexion of the hock

119
Q

Describe the vertebral head in the middle gluteal muscle

A

Extends as far as the cranial lumbar vertebra

120
Q

What is the muscle that is considered a part of the DDF, describe it

A
  • Caudal tibial m
  • Has a small belly & long thin tendon that passes over the sustentaculum tali in combo w/ the lateral digital flexor tendon

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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