Lecture 12: Head & Neck Respiratory Pathway (Exam 2) Flashcards
Describe an equine nose
- Possesses a cartilaginous skeleton
- Doesn’t have a plane (just skin)
- Has a nasal diverticulum
What is the nasal diverticulum
A blind sac w/ great capacity for expansion btw/ alar cartilage & nasoincicive notch (allows the nostral to dilate
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity
- Rostral - Nostrils
- Caudal - Choanae
- Dorsal - Nasal bone
- Ventral - hard palate
What divides the nasal cavity meadially
Nasal septum (bone caudally & cartilage rostrally)
What is the nasal vestibule
A pigmented surface btw/ the skin & mucosa
Label what the blue arrow is pointing too
- Nasal vestibule
- duct of nasal lacrimal is pink dot in the black
Where does the nasolacrimal duct flow
Into the vestibule near the mucocutaneous unction
What glands are to for keeping the humidity of the nose
Nasal & lacrimal glands
What do the nasal correspond w/
To the papyraceous bones that continue from the ethmoid bone (labyrinth)
List the nasal conchae & describe them
- Ethmoidal conchae (endo & ectoturbinates)
- Dorsal nasal concha (1) - endoturbinate 1)
- Ventral nasal concha (2) - part of the facial bone, ends rostrally in an alar fold
- Middle nasal concha (endoturbinate 2)
What is the nasal meatuses and what are ther name
- Spaces btw/ the conchae
- Dorsal
- Middle
- Ventral
- Common
Label the following:
- Short blue arrow: Nares (nostrils)
- Long blue arrow: Choanae
Label the following:
- 1: Dorsal nasal concha
- 2: Ventral nasal concha
- 3: Vomer nasal organ
- 4: ventral miyatus
- 5: Middle miyatus
- 6: Dorsal nasal miyatus
- 7: Septum (vomer bone)
What is the flehmen response
- Flipping of the upper lip up b/c of the levator of the superior lip m.
- Using the vomer nasal organ to take in phermones
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx
- Oropharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
(blue line on the pic is air & the bottom pic is digestive pathway)
Describe the oropharynx
- Oral part
- Food pathway
- Ventral to soft palate
T/F: Airflow always starts in the nasal cavity in equine
True b/c they can’t breath through there mouth
Describe the nasopharynx
- nasal part
- Air pathway
- Dorsal to the soft palate
Describe the Laryngopharynx
- Cavity dorsal to the larynx
- Just before esophagus
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx
- Rostral - choanae
- Caudal - palatopharyngeal arch
Where does the epiglottis rests during respiration
Dorsally to the soft palate
What can be found in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
A pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube (joins the ear to the nasopharynx to equalize the pressure from the outside to the inside)
What is the blue arrow pointing too
blue - A fibrous cartilage entrance for the auditory tube
What is the auditory tube diverticulum
- “Guttural pouch”
- A sack full of air (caudoventral dilatation of the auditory tube)
- Mechanism for cooling the cerebral blood supply during strenuous exercise
What is the blue arrow pointing too
Guttural pouch
What are the boundaries of the auditory tube diverticulum
- Dorsal - base of the skull
- Ventral - pharynx & esophagus
- Lateral - Stylohyoid bone
- Medial - contralateral guttural pouch
Label the following:
Label the following:
What is the thyroid triangle
- Made rom the maxillary vein & what else?
- Allows for the access of the guttural pouch
Label the following:
What bone divides the guttural pouch into two
Stylohyoid bone
What is found in the lateral chamber of the guttural pouch
- External carotid artery
- Facial n
What is found in the medial chamber of the guttural pouch
- Internal carotid artery (in here to drop the temp 2 degrees before it reaches the brain)
- Accessory n
- Glossopharyngeal n
- Vagus
- Cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
What causes “strangles”
Streptococcus equi attacking the guttural pouch
Describe the larynx
*Formed by cartilages, ligaments, & muscles surrounded by mucosa
* Btw/ the nasopharynx & trachea (ventral to the atlas & axis vertebrae)
What is the function of the larynx
- Air pathway mainly
- Phonation & bloqueage oof foreign bodies to the lower air way pathways
What is the blue square circling
Larynx
How is the larynx joined w/ the base of the skull
via the hyoid apparatus
which parts are paired & impair cartilages are there in the larynx
- Paired - Arytenoid
- Impaired - Epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid
Label the following:
What are some differences in the styloid apparatus
- Epiglottis cartilage - longer and pointy
- Arytenoid - no cuneiform process
Describe the epiglottis
- Pointed apex
- Cuneiform processes
Describe the thyroid in equine
- Oval shape
Describe the arytenoid
- Corniculate process (well dev)
- No cuneiform processes
Describe the cricoid
Lamina & arch
What are the two ligs of the
- Cricothyroid lig
- Cricotracheal lig
What is the glottis
- Phonatory appartus
- Vocal folds & vocal processes of the arytenoid
Label the following:
- A: Vestibular fold
- B: Vocal fold
- C: laryngopharynx
- D: Corniculate process
- E: Soft palate
- F: Vocal folds
- Vestibular fold
soft palate on bottom
lines on the inside are vocal folds
spaces are the ventricle
What muscle is the only muscle that abduct the vocal folds
Dorsal cricoarytenoid m (recurrent laryngeal n)
What are the intrinsic m of the larynx
- Dorsal cricoarytenoid m
- Lateral cricoarytenoid m
- Thyroarytenoid m (vocalis & ventricular)
- Cricothyroid m
- Transverse arytenoid m
What are the extrinsic m of the larynx
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
- Hyoepiglottic
- Thyropharyngeal
Describe the cervical trachea
- Located caudal to the cricoid cartilage
- Ventral to the esophagus (mid cervical region of esophagus to the left laterally)
- Formed by incomplete tracheal cartilages dorsally
- Annular ligs join cartilages together
- Tracheal smooth muscle completes the rings (inserted inside)
