Lecture 6 RH

Question 1

How do breast tumours appear in people with breast cancer?

Answer 1

In young women with dense breasts, breast tumours can often damage suspensory ligament and as a result causes wrinkled skin above it which can be detected on a mammogram. It can also cause nipples to be inverted.

Question 2

How can a metastatic breast tumour be diagnosed?

Answer 2

Breast cancer tends to metastasize towards axillary lymph nodes but it can also go medially towards parasternal nodes or to the lymphatic vessels towards the abdomen. At these locations it is possible to palpate tumours.

Question 3

Can men get breast cancer?

Answer 3

Men have no glandular development and small duct development with little fat. But men can still get breast cancer.

Question 4

Where is the anatomical position of the left atrium and ventrical relative to the rest of the heart?

Answer 4

left atrium sits behind the heart and is the base which the heart sits on. Left ventricle is also behind and the apex of the heart and contains mostly the right ventricle and interventricular groove.

Question 5

What are the grooves of the heart called?

Answer 5

atrioventricular grooves (left and right)

Interventricular groove (anteriorly and posteriorly)

Question 6

Why is it important to understand the location of the grooves of the heart?

Answer 6

They are very important for the location of the coronary arteries.

Question 7

Where does the superior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from?

Answer 7

From anywhere above the level of the diaphragm

Question 8

Where does the inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from?

Answer 8

From anywhere below the level of the diaphragm.

Question 9

Why is the diaphragm a landmark of where the vena cavae drain?

Answer 9

Inferior vena cava penetrates central tendon of the diaphragm making it the one that goes below the diaphragm.

Question 10

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 10

crista terminalis is a ridge that runs perpendicular to the muscular pectinati and separates rough walled muscular pectinati from the smooth wall of the right atrium

Question 11

What is the inter-atrial septum and what does it have on it as a remnant from a structure during embryonic development?

Answer 11

Inter-atrial septum is the wall between the atria and it contains the fossa ovalis which is a remnant of the foramen ovali.

Question 12

What is the sulcus terminalis?

Answer 12

sulcus terminalis is a structure formed by the crista terminalis’ folding inwards.

Question 13

What goes through the coronary sinus?

Answer 13

cornary sinus contains all the coronary blood and brings it back into the heart

Question 14

How does blood move from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Answer 14

through the atrioventricular orifice which contains the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

Question 15

What is the auricle?

Answer 15

The auricle is a projection of the right atrium in front of the aorta and pulmonary trunk and it is a remnant of heart development and contains muscular pectinati.

Question 16

What causes the bulk of ventricular filling?

Answer 16

Most of ventricular filling is done due to the relaxation of the ventricles rather than contraction of the atria.

Question 17

What is the function of the chordae tendinae?

Answer 17

chordae tendinae are attached to papillary muscles and are important to prevent the valves from flapping the other way when the ventricle contracts.

Question 18

What is the function of the trabeculae carnae?

Answer 18

trabeculae carnae are the muscular walls of the ventricles. Analagous to the musculi pectinati.

Question 19

What is the function of the septomarginal band?

Answer 19

septomarginal band (aka moderator band) connects the anterior papillary muscle to the medial interventricular wall. The electric conduction travels through this band allowing papillary muscles to contract at the right time.

Question 20

Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries arise from and where do they branch?

Answer 20

right and left pulmonary arteries branch right under the aortic arch from the pulmonary trunk.

Question 21

What valves are present in the pulmonary trunk? Do they have chordae tendinae?

Answer 21

semilunar valves. They have no chordae tendinae and instead rely on gravity to close.

Question 22

Which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins enter?

Answer 22

left and right pulmonary veins enter the heart through the left atrium.

Question 23

does the left atrium contain an auricle? Where is it located?

Answer 23

Yes, it is anterior to the great vessels.

Question 24

What valve is found between left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 24

left atrioventricular orifice is guarded by a bicuspid (left atrioventricular) valve. It is also known as the mitral valve.

Question 25

Is the bicuspid valve controlled by papillary muscles?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

Why does the left ventricle produce a lot of blood pressure relative to the other chambers of the heart?

Answer 26

Left ventricle is much more thicker walled than any other chamber of the heart. (Thickest myocardium)

Question 27

How does the aortic semilunar valve work?

Answer 27

aortic semilunar valve works in the same way as the pulmonary semilunar valve.

Question 28

What does the ductus arteriosis become in adulthood?

Answer 28

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 29

What does the foramen ovale become in adulthood?

Answer 29

Fossa ovalis

Question 30

What causes the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovalis change after birth?

Answer 30

First expansion of the lungs causes them to change.

Question 31

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetuses?

Answer 31

the ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the right ventricle into the descending aorta.

Question 32

What happens to the respiratory and circulatory system during birth?

Answer 32

At birth difference in pressure between atmosphere and the lungs causes air to move into the lungs and the lungs expand and so hormones (eg bradykinin) are released which act on smooth muscle of ductus artereosus and foramen ovale.

Question 33

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 33

fibrous skeleton of the heart makes sure that muscles of the atria and ventricles are in isolation. It forms a figure 8 shape around the valves.