Lecture 30 RH

Question 1

Where do the teeth sit in the oral cavity?

Answer 1

teeth are embedded in dental (alveolar) arches.

Question 2

What is the joint found between the temporal bone and the mandible?

Answer 2

mandible articulates with temporal bone at the temperomandibular joint

Question 3

What kind of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

Answer 3

sliding hinge joint

Question 4

What do the muscles of the oral cavity assist with?

Answer 4

muscles help with chewing as well as forming the boundaries of the oral cavity.

Question 5

Where does the temporalis muscle originate and insert?

Answer 5

temporalis originates at the side of the cranium and the has a tendon that attaches to the coranoid process of the mandible

Question 6

Where does masseter originate and insert?

Answer 6

masseter attaches at the angle of the mandible and inserts onto the zygoma (part of the temporal bone and part of the zygomatic bone)

Question 7

What do the temporalis and masseter muscles do when chewing?

Answer 7

temporalis and masseter work together to bring the mandible closer to the temporal bone when chewing

Question 8

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 8

facial nerve innervates muscles of facial expression

Question 9

What does the orbicularis oris muscle do?

Answer 9

brings lips together

Question 10

What is the buccinator?

Answer 10

Laterally there is a muscle embedded in the cheek which closes off the space between the mandible and the maxilla this muscle is called the buccinator

Question 11

What is the principle regarding innervation of facial muscles?

Answer 11

Muscles involved in facial expression are innervated by the facial nerve

Muscles involved in mastication are innervated by the trigeminal nerve

Question 12

What bones form the roof of the mouth?

Answer 12

Maxilla:

Palatine process of the maxilla forms the anterior part

Posteriorly is the horizontal process of the palatine bone

Question 13

What is the soft palate and where is it located?

Answer 13

Soft palate is located posteriorly which is formed by muscles and connective tissue and lined by mucosa.

Question 14

What structures run under the mucosa of the roof of the mouth?

Answer 14

nerves and blood vessels run under mucosa

Question 15

Where do the lesser and greater palatine arteries and nerves go in the mouth?

Answer 15

Lesser palatine nerve and artery project posteriorly mostly to the soft palate

Greater palatine nerve and artery run to the hard palate anteriorly and supply gingiva and mucosa of the roof of the mouth

Question 16

How do the palatine nerves and arteries supply the inferior quadrant of the nasal cavity?

Answer 16

These arteries and nerves ultimately project through a foramen called the incisive foramen in the roof of the mouth to get to the inferior quadrant of the nasal cavity

Question 17

What happens at the angle of the mandible?

Answer 17

Rami of the mandibles project upwards towards the temperomandibular joint

Question 18

How is the mandible shape a problem and how is this problem fixed?

Answer 18

mandible is deficient inferiorly and this is closed up by a muscular diaphragm called the mylohyoid muscle (from mandible to hyoid)

Question 19

Where do the nerves of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve run?

Answer 19

Medial to the rami (from the angle of the mandible) and close to the temporomandibular joint is the location where the mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve run.

Question 20

What do the mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

Answer 20

the tongue, teeth, and inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandible through a small foramen called the mandibular foramen to get to ther

Question 21

Where does the alveolar nerve arise from and where does it go?

Answer 21

Alveolar nerve originates from the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and runs through a small foramen called the mandibular foramen on the medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible and runs inside the bone towards the teeth.

Question 22

How can the hyoid bone be palpated?

Answer 22

Hyoid bone sits in the crease between floor of our mouth and the neck. It can be palpated laterally.

Question 23

What are the main sections of the tongue and how are they divided?

Answer 23

Tongue can be split into an anterior 2/3rds and a posterior 1/3rd by a sulcus terminalis. apex of the sulcus terminalis projects posteriorly.

Question 24

What is the foramen that is found at the apex of the sulcus terminalis?

Answer 24

At the apex is a depression called the foramen caecum which is a remnant of the thyroglossal duct in development. (thyroid develops as an outpouching during development which drags down to the neck)

Question 25

What are the arches that extend from the tongue and the pharynx called?

Answer 25

2 arches projecting up; one from the tongue and another from the pharynx. These arches are known as the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch.

Question 26

What can be found between the arches of the pharynx and the tongue?

Answer 26

In between the palatopharyngeal and platoglossal arches are the palatine tonsils (the tonsils)

Question 27

What can be found anterior and following the sulcus terminalis?

Answer 27

Anterior and following the sulcus terminalis are the valate (or circumvalate) papillae

Question 28

What are foliate papillae and where can they be found?

Answer 28

Grooves on posterolateral part of the tongue called the foliate papillae and swellings between these grooves.

Question 29

What papillae can be found in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 29

fungiform papillae

Question 30

Where in the papillae can taste be sensed?

Answer 30

papillae contain the taste buds within their walls

Question 31

What nerve is the chorda tympani a branch of?

Answer 31

Facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)

Question 32

What are filliform papillae and what is their function?

Answer 32

Filliform papillae are sharp and pointy and do not have taste buds. They are only their to roughen the tongue.

Question 33

How is the tongue controlled?

Answer 33

2 sets of muscles control the tongue:

Extrinsic muscles (alter location of the tongue):
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus (innervated by VAGUS)
Genioglossus (genial process of the posterior aspect of the mandible)
Hyoglossus

Intrinsic muscles (Alter shape of the tongue):
Superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse and vertical muscle

Question 34

What nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

Answer 34

Cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal nerve) except for palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of vagus.

Question 35

What motor nerves innervate the tongue muscles?

Answer 35

Motor innervation is entirely by hypoglossal nerve (CN12) with the exception of palatoglossus.

Question 36

How is sensory innervation of the tongue split?

Answer 36

Tongue is split into anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd by the sulcus terminalis

Question 37

What innervates the posterior third of the tongue for special sensory innervation?

Answer 37

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 38

What innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue for special sensory innervation?

Answer 38

Anterior 2/3rds from the chorda tympani which is a branch of the facial nerve innervates the tongue for taste (special sensory).

Question 39

What innervates the posterior third of the tongue for general sensory innervation?

Answer 39

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 40

What innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue for general innervation?

Answer 40

Lingual nerve which is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 41

How many teeth do adult humans have?

Answer 41

Each half of the dental arches contains 8 teeth which means 32 teeth in total

Question 42

What are the kinds of teeth that humans have?

Answer 42

central incisor

lateral incisor

canine (sharp pointing edge)

2 premolars

3 molars with flat cusps that are important for grinding of food

Question 43

What nerves innervate the teeth?

Answer 43

Teeth embedded in maxilla (superiorly) are innervated by the superior alveolar nerve. (maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve)

Teeth embedded in the mandible are innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve. (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)

Question 44

What are the 2 halves of the teeth called?

Answer 44

Teeth are made up of a crown and roots.

Question 45

What are the layers of the crown of the tooth?

Answer 45

Enamel

Dentin (little tubules which can transmit fluid and temperature)

Pulp (contain neurovascular supply)

Question 46

Where is the vascular supply of the teeth from?

Answer 46

Vascular supply of the teeth is from branches of the external carotid artery.

Question 47

What ages to adult teeth erupt?

Answer 47

Teeth erupt at about 7 years of age from an anterior to posterior direction.

Exception is the lower and upper canine (at about 11 or 12 years old) and the wisdom teeth

Question 48

What is the function of salivary glands?

Answer 48

Salivary glands produce saliva some of which is mucous and some of which is serous. As well as enzymes

Question 49

What are the kinds of salivary glands that we have?

Answer 49

Parotid gland

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

Question 50

Where is the parotid gland located?

Answer 50

parotid gland is superficial to the masseter, the external auditory meatus, and the auditory duct. It has a single duct that emerges from its anterior aspect which runs over the masseter and opens into the oral vestibule opposite the upper second molar tooth.

Question 51

Where is the sublingual gland located?

Answer 51

Sits under the tongue on both sides.

Question 52

Where is the submandibular gland located?

Answer 52

under the mandible on both sides. It wraps around the posterior edge of the hyoid muscle (diaphragm) duct projects forwards and opens into a papilla right next to the lingual frenulum.

Question 53

What can be found underneath the tongue at the floor of the mouth?

Answer 53

Lingual arteries and veins are important for absorbtion of drugs.