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Anatomy: Viscera and Visceral Systems > Lecture 31 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 31 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the larynx?

A

From the epiglottis to C6, lower border of cricoid cartilage.

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2
Q

What makes up the laryngeal skeleton?

A

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

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3
Q

Does the laryngeal skeleton have a posterior border?

A

Only the cricoid cartilage, hyoid and thyroid bone/cartilage are open.

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4
Q

What is formed by the laryngeal skeleton posteriorly?

A

Laryngeal inlet.

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5
Q

What is the angle of the thyroid?

A

Adam’s apple.

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6
Q

What is the lamina of the thyroid cartilage?

A

It has an anterior and posterior lamina.

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7
Q

Where are the horns of the thyroid cartilage?

A

It has four total, two superiorly, two inferiorly.

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8
Q

How does the thyroid cartilage articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

A

Via the inferior horns.

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9
Q

Is the cricoid cartilage bridged posteriorly by trachealis?

A

No, it forms a complete circle.

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10
Q

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Short anterior arch and tall posterior lamina.

Looks like a signet ring.

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11
Q

Where are the aratenoid cartilages found, and what shape are they?

A

Posteriorly on the cricoid cartilage and are pyramid shaped.

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12
Q

What are the two processes of the aratenoid cartilage?

A

Vocal process medially and muscular process laterally.

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13
Q

How does aratenoid cartilage mediate phonation?

A

They can swivel in and out of the cricoid, as well as slide towards and away from each other.

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14
Q

What is found between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane. Has deficiencies to allow vessels to pass.

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15
Q

What is cound between cricoid and thyroid carilages?

A

Cricothyroid membane (also ligament), is continuous.

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16
Q

Where does the epiglottic artilage attach?

A

To the angle of thyroid posteriorly.

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17
Q

Where do vocal ligaments attach?

A

From arytenoid cartilage to the angle of thyroid posteriorly.

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18
Q

Where does the quadratic membrane attach?

A

From the arytenoid cartilage to the superior border of the epiglottic cartilage. It is complete.

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19
Q

What is the vestibular ligament?

A

Inferior, thickened, free edge of the quadratic membrane.

20
Q

What is the aryepiglottic ligament?

A

Superior, thickened, free edge of the quadratic membrane.

21
Q

What is the aryepiglottic fold?

A

Mucosa membrane over the aryepiglottic ligament.

22
Q

What is the vestibular fold?

A

Mucosa membrane over the vestibular ligament.

23
Q

What is the vocal fold?

A

Vocal cords. Mucosa membrane over the vocal ligaments.

24
Q

What is the false vocal cord, and what does it do?

A

Vestibular fold. Doesn’t produce sound in humans. Protects true vocal folds.

25
Q

What is special about the vestibular fold in cats?

A

They have a very large one which allows them to purr. Meows come from the vocal fold.

26
Q

What reflexes are found in the larynx?

A

Strong gag and cough reflexes.

27
Q

What happens to the vocal ligaments during phonation?

A

Adduction.

28
Q

What happens to the vocal ligaments during breathing?

A

Abduction.

29
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

Space between vocal ligaments and directly under it.

30
Q

Where does the cricothyroid muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

Posterior surface of the cricoid to the thyroid. It lengthens the fold.

31
Q

Where does the thyroarytenoid muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

Posterior angle of the thyroid to the arytenoid, along the vocal ligament. Relaxes the fold.

32
Q

Where does the vocalis muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

Runs along the vocal ligament. Relaxes the fold.

33
Q

Where does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

From arytenoid laterally down to cricoid anteroinferiorly. Adducts the fold.

34
Q

Where does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

From arytenoid posteriorly down to cricoid medioinferiorly. Abducts the fold.

35
Q

Where do the transverse and oblique cricoarytenoid muscle attach, and what does it do to the fold when contracting?

A

Between the two arytenoids. Closes rima glottis. Brings the folds together.

36
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx from above and what do its branches innervate?

A

Superior laryngeal (vagus)
Internal laryngeal - sensory to mucosa
External laryngeal - cricothyroid muscle

37
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx from above and what do its branches innervate?

A 
Recurrent laryngeal (vagus)
Inferior laryngeal - all muscles except cricothyroid
38
Q

What happens when you damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Hoarse voice and stridor.

39
Q

What is stridor?

A

The sound of excessive effort needed to talk, as more air is needed to vibrate folds.

40
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage.

41
Q

What supplies blood to the larynx from above and below?

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal vessels.

42
Q

Why are blood vessels being directly superficial to the trachea so significant?

A

If you do an emergency airway tracheotomy, blood can get into the lungs and drown the patient.

43
Q

Where is the best place to do an emergency airway?

A

Cricothyroid membrane puncture.

44
Q

Where is tracheotomy usually done?

A

Only in a surgical setting.

45
Q

What is an intubation, what what position should the head and vocal cords be in?

A

Artificial ventilation. Hyperextend the head. Vocal folds must be relxed to avoid damage.

Anatomy: Viscera and Visceral Systems (61 decks)

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