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Anatomy: Viscera and Visceral Systems > Lecture 27 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 27 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outer ear?

A

The auricle.

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2
Q

What does the auricle do?

A

Collects sound.

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3
Q

What is the auricle supported by?

A

Supported by cartilage, aside from the lobule inferiorly.

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4
Q

What is the outermost ridge of the ear called?

A

Helix.

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5
Q

What is the ridge medial to the helix called?

A

Antihelix.

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6
Q

What is the ridge inferior to the antihelix and directly superior to the lobule called?

A

Antitragus.

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7
Q

What is the bump medial to the ear canal called?

A

Tragus.

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8
Q

What is the space between the ear canal and the antihelix called?

A

Concha.

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9
Q

Which portion of the entire ear is cartilaginous?

A

The outer lateral 1/3rd is cartilaginous, the rest is bony, from temporal bone.

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10
Q

What does the ear canal lead into?

A

External acoustic meatus.

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11
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus lined by, and what purpose does this serve?

A

Lined by hairy skin and cerumen glands, which produce cerumen/ear wax.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of ear wax?

A

Prevents maceration of skin with water.

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13
Q

What is the ear innervated by posteroinferiorly?

A

By vagus nerve.

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14
Q

What is the ear innervated by anterosuperiorly?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve.

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15
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve does the auriculotemporal nerve originate from?

A

V3/mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

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16
Q

Where does the auriculotemporal nerve orginate from?

A

Trigeminal nerve.

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17
Q

What innervates the external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve.

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18
Q

What effect does the malleus bone have on the tympanic membrane?

A

An indentation is formed.

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19
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Ear drum.

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20
Q

What shape is the tympanic membrane laterally, and what does it depend on?

A

It is concave laterally, and depends on pressure medially which can turn it convex.

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21
Q

How can a physician detect a problem with the ear using light?

A

By shining light into the ear and looking at the anteroinferior quadrant, if the position of the beam of light produced changes, then there is a problem with the middle ear.

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22
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity proper found?

A

Just medial to the tympanic membrane.

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23
Q

Where is the epitympanic recess found?

A

Just superior to the tympanic membrane.

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24
Q

What was a pre-modern technique used to treat middle ear infections?

A

Drilling into the mastoid bone to drain the ear.

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25
Q

Where is the auditory tube found relative to the tympanic membrane?

A

Inferior and medial.

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26
Q

What does the auditory tube connect the tympanic membrane to?

A

To the pharynx.

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27
Q

Is the pharynx bony or cartilaginous?

A

Cartilaginous.

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28
Q

What is the tympanic end of the auditory tube embedded in?

A

Bone.

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29
Q

Is the auditory tube difficult for bacteria to infect? Why?

A

Yes it is, as it is on a decline, so it can drain well, and is difficult for bacteria to migrate.

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30
Q

What happens when the auditory tube is infected?

A

Ossicle movement will decrease, reducing hearing. It will also increase pressure against the tympanic membrane, damaging it.

31
Q

What are the three ossicles, and what do they look like?

A

Malleus - hammer
Incus - anvil
Stapes - Styrup

32
Q

In what order to the three ossicles attach to each other and the tympanic membrane?

A

Tympanic membrane -> malleus -> incus -> stapes

33
Q

what is the purpose of the ossicles?

A

When sound enters the meatus, it is transmitted through the ossicles to the sensory receptors.

34
Q

What happens if the auditory tube or epitympanic recess is blocked?

A

Impacts hearing.

35
Q

How can the auditory tube become infected?

A

From bacteria in the nose.

36
Q

What is the age dimorphism in the auditory tube?

A

It is more vertical in adults and can drain well, infections are less common.
It is shorter and more horizontal in babies, so infections are more common.

37
Q

Why are ear infections a problem for children?

A

It can impact language development as they need hearing to develop it normally.

38
Q

What are the two muscles associated with the ossicles?

A 
Tensor tympani (attaches to malleus) - cranial nerve V
Stapedius (attaches to stapes) - cranial nerve VII
39
Q

What is the purpose of the two muscles associated with the ossicles?

A

They act to dampen loud sounds to prevent damage and discomfort.

40
Q

What is facial palsy, and what is it caused by?

A

When half the face droops, occurs when facial nerves are damaged. There is a reduced response to loud sounds and increased sensitivity to loud sounds.

41
Q

Where is the round window found?

A

Found inferior to stapes/stapedius

42
Q

Where is the oval window, and what structure passes through it?

A

It is superior to the round window, and the cordae tympani nerve runs through it.

43
Q

Does the cordae tympani innervate the ear?

A

No.

44
Q

Which bone does the trigeminal nerve run through?

A

Temporal bone.

45
Q

Which nerve does the cordae tympani arise from?

A

The lingual branch of the facial nerve.

46
Q

What does the cordae tympani innervate?

A

Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

47
Q

Is the cordae tympani tortuous?

A

Yes, so it can weave between ossicles.

48
Q

What is the significance of the internal carotid artery being close to the tympanic membrane (inferior and medial)?

A

If the membrane is infected, pulse of the carotid can transmit to the ossicles, and one can hear their own pulse.

49
Q

How is the inner ear different to the outer ear?

A

It is fluid filled.

50
Q

Which bone is the inner ear located in? What is characteristic of this bone?

A

The petrous temporal bone, medial to the outer ear. Very dense bone.

51
Q

What is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

Perilymph.

52
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth attach to?

A

Nothing, it is suspended within the bony labyrinth.

53
Q

Is the membranous labyrinth continuous?

A

Yes.

54
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

Endolymph.

55
Q

Where are sound sensory receptors found, and how are they activated?

A

On the cochlea, and are activated by ossicle vibrations.

56
Q

What is the purpose of the round window regarding energy escaping?

A

Energy from sound input exits through the round window, preventing build-up.

57
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Snail-like medial structure of the membranous labyrinth.

58
Q

What membranous labyrinth structure is found lateral to the cochlea?

A

Vestibule.

59
Q

Where are the three semicircular ducts found, and what are their names?

A

Medial to the cochlea.

They are called anterior, horizontal and posterior semicircular ducts, depending on their direction of projection.

60
Q

What is found at the base of the anterior semicircular duct, and what does it do?

A

The ampulla, which is a swelling. Contains receptors for balance and head movement, which is dynamic equilibrium.

61
Q

Where is the utricle found, and what does it do?

A

It is found inferior to the ampulla, and has receptors for head position, which is static equilibrium.

62
Q

How many ampullae are there in the inner ear?

A

3, one for each semicircular duct.

63
Q

To which nerve is information on static and dynamic equilibrium relayed to, and what relays it? What happens to this nerve?

A

It is relayed to the vestibular nerve, which then merges with the cochlear nerve, forming cranial nerve VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve.

64
Q

How is sound relayed to the brain?

A

It is transmitted to the inner ear, then relayed to the brain via the cochlear nerve.

65
Q

Where are high frequency sound detected?

A

At the base of the cochlea (imagine it unwound into a straight tube).

66
Q

Where are low frequency sound detected?

A

At the apex of the cochlea (imagine it unwound into a straight tube).

67
Q

What is static and dynamic equilibria?

A

Static - head position

Dynamic - head movement

68
Q

What detects static equilibrium?

A

Utricle and saccule.

69
Q

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

A

Ampullae.

70
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

The sensory receptors found all along the cochlea, which merge to become the cochlear nerve.

71
Q

How is dynamic equilibrium detected? What does it involve?

A

Involves mainly the ampulla. When the head is turned, endolymph lags behind in the opposite direction, activating its sensory receptors.

72
Q

How is static equilibrium detected? What does it involve?

A

Involves mainly the utricle and saccule. When the head moves, the endolymph displaces the membrane of the saccule and utricle, which have dense crystal-like structures on them which detect this.

73
Q

What structure of the utricle and saccule allows them to detect membrane displacement?

A

Crystals of calcium carbonate called otoliths.

Anatomy: Viscera and Visceral Systems (61 decks)

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