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Physci 107 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the brain stem

A
  • connects diecephalon to spinal cord
  • contains neuronal centers critical for survival, respiratory center
  • contains 10 to 12 nerves
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2
Q

reticular formation neurons are in________________________________

A

core of brainstem, mainly in the pons and medulla

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3
Q

Neurons of the __________________ activating system terminate widely in the thalamus that is conveyed to the cerebral cortex

A

ascending reticular activating system

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4
Q

Incoming sensory axons synapse on____________ neurons in the brainstem

A

reticular activating system

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5
Q

Function of Reticular activating system

A

increased in response to sensory information, maintains consciousness, and has a role in sleep wakefulness

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6
Q

Where does the cerebellum originate from

A

metecephalon

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7
Q

The cerebellum forms a cortical structure with ____________ on the outside and _______________ on the inside and _______________

A

grey matter
white matter
deep cerebella nuclei

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8
Q

4 functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. to coordinate and smooth body movements
  2. Participates in learning skilled voluntary movements
  3. Assists with postural control
  4. Assists with equilibrium and eye movement
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9
Q

what are the three layers of the cerebellum

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. purkinje layer
  3. Granular layer
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10
Q

___________ are the only neurons that project deep into cerebellar nuclei

A

purkinje cells

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11
Q

________________ form parallel fibers

A

granule

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12
Q

affarent projections to cerebellar cortex called mossy fibers and originate form

A
  1. vestibular nuclei

2. receptors in mussels, joints, and tendons (information on movement and position of limbs)

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13
Q

_________________ is a nerve tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. Professes information on movememt and position of limbs

A

spinocerebellar tract

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14
Q

______________ in the primary motor cortex synapse in the pons. Soma in the ponds project to cerebellar cortex

A

pyramidal neurons

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15
Q

afferent projections to perkinje cells called ____________ and originate from ____________________

A

climbing fibers

inferior olive

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16
Q

Only ____________ cells project into deep cerebellar nuclei

A

purkinje

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17
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei neurons ___________________

A

project out of the cerebellum

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18
Q

Where do efferent projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei project to

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Vestibular nuclei
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19
Q

Damage to cerebellum

A

problems with balance and tremors are seen in reeler mutant mice

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20
Q

Posterior view of spinal cord shows__________________ Letters and numbers indicate corresponding spinal nerves

A

attached dorsal root ganglion.

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21
Q

Spinal cord extends from

A

fromanen magnet to lumbar level

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22
Q

The spinal cord receives ____________ and provides __________________ for the entire body but not the head

A

somatosensory information

motor output to muscles

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23
Q

The spinal cord provides a two way conduction pathway between the body and the brain by way pf the __________________________ axons pathways

A

ascending and descending

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24
Q

The spinal cord is a _____________

A

major reflex center

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25
Q

________________ the most distal bulbus parts of the spinal cord

A

conus medlars

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26
Q

_________________ tapering end of the spinal cord

A

filum terminal

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27
Q

____________ a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets

A

cauda equina

28
Q

somatic mortar neurons with axons that exit in the ventral root

A

motor component

29
Q

___________ dorsal root ganglian neurons (pseudo unipolar cells with no dendrites and one axon with Central and peripheral branches

A

sensory component

30
Q

ventral and dorsal roots form mixed spinal nerve and exit via the _______________

A

intervertebral foramen

31
Q

_________________contain nerves that provide visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information, with the dorsal ramus feeding the dorsal trunk (skin and muscles of the back), and the ventral ramus feeding the ventral trunk and limbs through the ventrolateral surface

A

The dorsal and ventral rami

32
Q

___________ a simple reface involving only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons

A

monosynaptic reflex

33
Q

_____________ reflex action that involves an electrical impulse being transferred from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron

A

polysynaptic reflex

34
Q

general trends about major spinal tracts

A
  1. most decussate- contralateral; projections
  2. Most form a chain of 2-3 neuron
  3. Most exhibit somatotopy
  4. All are paired and mirror images of each other
35
Q

Spinothalamic tract:
dorsal root ganglian neurons relay _______________________ from peripheral receptors and synapse on neurons in dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

pain and temperature

36
Q

Spinothalamic tract:
axons of dorsal horn cells cross the opposite side of the spinal cord through the ventral commissure, ascend in ____________ and synapse in ______________________

A

the lateral funicular

the central posterior nucleus in the thalamus.

37
Q

Spinothalamic tract:

axons of _______________ project to the appropriate part of the somatotopically organized ____________________

A

thalamic neurons

Somatic sensory neurons

38
Q

Dorsal column pathway:
dorsal root ganglian neurons relay touch, pressure, and proprioception from the __________________ where axons branch, one branch enters the dorsal columns, ascends on the same side and synapses in ne

A

periphery into the dorsal horn

39
Q

Dorsal column pathway:
axons of neurons in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus cross the midline and ascend to the ______________________ where they synapse

A

ventral posterior lateral thalamus

40
Q

Dorsal column pathway:

axons of the thalamic neurons project to the appropriate part of the ___________________

A

somatosensory cortex

41
Q

spinocerebellar Tract:
dorsal root ganglian neurons relay muscle position information from ________________ that synapse in dorsal horn of spinal cord

A

proprioceptors

42
Q

spinocerebellar Tract:

axons of spinocerebellar neurons ascend in the lateral funicular to the cerebellar cortex and synapse _______________

A

on granule cells

43
Q

spinocerebellar Tract:

axons of spinocerebellar neurons ascend in the lateral funicular to __________________

A

the cerebellar cortex

44
Q

cortico spinal tract:

pyramidal neurons located ______________ of the primary motor cortex. Axons decent in the _____________

A

layer V

internal capsule

45
Q

cortico spinal tract:

axons course ______________ in the brainstem:

A

anteriorly

46
Q

cortico spinal tract:

In the midbrain axons travel

A

in cerebral peduncles

47
Q

cortico spinal tract:

In the pons axons travel

A

between pontine nuclei

48
Q

cortico spinal tract:

In the medulla axons travel

A

in pyramids

49
Q

cortico spinal tract:

Lateral corticospinal tract axons _____________ din the pyramid of the medulla

A

decussate

50
Q

cortico spinal tract:
Axons travel in 2 seperate pathway’s in spinal cord: Lateral corticospinal tract in the _________ and anterior corticospinal tract in the _______________-

A

lateral funiculus

anterior funiculus

51
Q

cortico spinal tract:
axons of anterior corticospiinal tract decussate in ventral commissure. Neurons in the ___________ cerebral cortex synapse oil the __________ somatic motor neurons

A

left

right

52
Q

corticobular tract:
pyramidal neurons in the face area of the primary Moto cortex synapse on somatic motor neurons win cranial nerve nuclei. Axons travel with those of the corticospinal tract and then at the appropriate brainstem levels, decussate and synapse on _________________

A

cranial somatic motor neurons

53
Q

What are the two cutaneous sensory receptors

A
  • free nerve endings

- mechanorecptors

54
Q

________________ pain and itch receptor of the cutaneous sensory receptors

A

free nerve ending

55
Q

_____________________ touch pressure and receptors of the cutaneous sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

56
Q

__________ proprioceptive receptors that is located within the tendons found on each send of a muscle.

A

Golgi tendon organs

57
Q

_______________ consist of intramural muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath, they run paralll to the fugal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath, they run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in the sheath spinal

A

muscle spinals

58
Q

What are the two somatic motor and sensory components at the thoracic level

A
  • dorsal remas

- ventral remas

59
Q

___________ contains nerves that serve the dorsal portion of the trunk, it carries visceral motor, somatic sensory information

A

dorsal remas

60
Q

________________ nerve 12 is known as the subcostal nerve

A

ventral remas

61
Q

the _______________ supplies the deep muscles of the back at all levels

A

dorsal remus

62
Q

______________ divided into medial and lateral and intervals the muscles

A

dorsal ramus

63
Q

________________ form nerve plexus to innervate muscles of upper and lower limbs

A

ventral ramus

64
Q

nerve plexus organization

A
  • brachial
  • lumbar and sacral plexus combined and
  • lumbosacral plexus
65
Q

____________ defined as area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

A

dermatome

66
Q

during what injury are the brachial and lumbosacrial affected

A

quadriplegic

67
Q

during what injury are the lumbosacral plexus is affected

A

paraplegic

Physci 107 (22 decks)

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