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Physci 107 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm in the dorsal midline induced by the notochord to thicken and forms the __________

A

neural plate

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2
Q

Edges of the neural plate begin to fold toward each other the _______________

A

neural folds

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3
Q

The neural folds meet dorsally, forming the ____________________________

A

neural tube and overlaying ectoderm

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4
Q

neural tube closes first near the middle of the embryo and proceeds rostrally and caudally, reflecting the radient of nervous system development. _________________ and ______________ develop first

A

medulla and spinal

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5
Q

__________________ is a mesodermal structure

A

notochord

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6
Q

Some neural crest cells remain near the neural tube to give rise to sensory afferent neurons that are called __________________________

A

dorsal root ganglion neurons

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7
Q

______________ is composed of cells that undergo mitosis to form the CNS

A

neural tube

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8
Q

Central cavity enclosed by neural tube called the ______________ forms the ventricular system

A

ventricle

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9
Q

Neural tube cells first generate ___________ than glia

A

neurons

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10
Q

_______________ have processors attached to bother inner (ventricular) and outer surfaces of the neural tube. Their nuclei move back and forth during the cell cycle.

A

Neural tube cells

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11
Q

_____________ occurs near ventricular border. After neurons become post mitotic, they migrate out of the ventricular Zone

A

mitosis

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12
Q

________________ site where mitosis occurs

A

ventricular zone

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13
Q

_____________ post mototic cells form gray matter

A

intermediate zone

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14
Q

_________________ axonal pathways form future white matter

A

marginal zone

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15
Q

_________________ is derived from the neural crest.

A

dorsal root ganglian

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16
Q

______________ contains sensory projection neuron and interneurons

A

dorsal neural tube

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17
Q

_________contains motor neurons and interneurons

A

ventral neural tube

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18
Q

What does the forebrain form

A

Telecephalon and diencephalon

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19
Q

what does the midbrain form

A

Mesencephalon

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20
Q

What does the hindbrain form

A

meleencephalon

myelencephalon

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21
Q

What does the telencephalon form

A

cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What does the diencephalon form

A

: the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

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23
Q

What does the mesencephalon form

A

midbrain and brainstem

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24
Q

What does the mesencephalon

A

brainstem/ pons

cerebellum

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25
Q

What does the meelencephaalon form

A

brainstem/ medulla

oblongata

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26
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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27
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles

A

telencephalon, diecephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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28
Q

Around week 5, the neural tube starts to bend at the _____________________

A

midbrain, pontine, and cervical flexures

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29
Q

space constraints restrict brain growth causing the _____________________ to grow posteriorly covering the diecephalon and brainstem

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Initially the cervical cortex is _______________ but is starts to fold inward which results in an increase in total surface area

A

smooth

31
Q

Developing brain and brain stem ____________________ in stereotypic patterns beginning around 5 weeks and continuing well into the fetal period

A

fold

32
Q

___________ the largest region of the Brian that contains the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures including hippocampus and basal ganglia

A

telencephalon

33
Q

________________ a division of the forebrain between telencephalon and midbrain. It consists of thalamus and hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

34
Q

____________ midbrain is the portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and other hindbrain structures

A

Mesencephalon

35
Q

___________________ the embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon

36
Q

___________________ after brain is the most posterior regions of the embryonic hindbrain from which the medulla oblongata developed

A

myelencephalon

37
Q

____________ ventricle, gray matter, with white matter surrounding the gray matter and on surface.

A

spinal cord and brainstem

38
Q

________________ (cerebrally and cerebral cortices) ventricle, white matter, cortex of gray matter on surface. Also can have deep nuclei (gray matter) or inner gray matter around ventricles

A

cortical regions

39
Q

_________________ surround the outside of the CNS and have 3 layers of connective tissue

A

Meninges

40
Q

______________ “tough mother” the thickest, most fibrous meninges.

A

dura mater

41
Q

What are the 2 sections of the dura matter

A

Dural sinuses and flax cerebri

42
Q

___________________ “spider mother” fills subarachnoid space

A

arachnoid mater

43
Q

____________ “tender mother” applied directly to the surface of the brain. The innermost layer of the meninges the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia matter

44
Q

What are the 3 functions of the meninges

A
  1. Cover and protect the CNS
  2. Contain the large CNS blood vessels
  3. Act as veins (carry deoxygenated blood) and drain cerebral spinal fluid CSF
45
Q

____________ line the inside of the CNS.

A

ventricles

46
Q

_______________ consists of a series of cavities, lateral ventricles with 3 horns, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueducts, forth ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord. CSF exits the ventricles through the median and lateral apertures

A

ventricles

47
Q

_________________ are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebral spinal fluid

A

ventricles

48
Q

CSF is produced by the _______________ in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, CSF is filtered blood plasma

A

CSF

49
Q

what is the function of the CSF

A

differentiated from vascular tissue so they secrete blood into the ventricles

50
Q

Where does the CSF Flow

A

CSF flows though the ventricular system and then into subarachnoid space via lateral and median apertures and into superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi and granulations

51
Q

Human cerebral cortex has ________________ Golgi drawing on the right shows difference in cell sizes and shapes by layer in the cerebral cortex

A

six layers of gray matter

52
Q

_____________ shaped neurons lay in layers III and V

______________ lady in layers II and IV

A

pyramidal shaped neurons

interneurons

53
Q

__________________ in the cerebral Cortex projected to many targets such as

  • spinal cord
  • brain stem
  • order side of the cortex
A

efferent neurons in the cerebral cortex

54
Q

_______________________ cerebral cortex receives many afferent projections: from the other side of the cerebral cortex, from the thalamus, from the basal forebrain nuclei

A

afferent axon projections to the cerebral cortex

55
Q

Remember different lobes have ___________

A

different functions

56
Q

____________ prefrontal, primary and secondary motor cortex, broncha’s speech area

A

frontal lobe

57
Q

_______________ primary and secondary somatosensory area, speech area aclaled wernicke’s area

A

parietal lobe

58
Q

__________________ primary and secondary visual processing

A

occipital lobe

59
Q

_________________ primary and secondary auditory processing, rest of wernicke’s area

A

temporal lob

60
Q

________________ pyramidal cells in motor cortex project axons to somatic motor neurons in spinal cord. Axons of the cortiocospinal neurons cross to the opposite sides of the nervous system i.e left side of the brain, control somatic motor neurons on the right side of the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract

61
Q

___________ representation of body parts called somatotop, representation of parts of the body in corresponding parts of the brain

A

moto homunculus

62
Q

____________________ representation of parts of the body in corresponding parts of the brain

A

somatotopy

63
Q

_________________ pain, touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and proprioception in skin and body wall

A

somatic senses

64
Q

______________ how our behavior can change this map

A

sensory homunculus

65
Q

___________ primary visual cortex around calcimine fissure, secondary visual cortex is an integrative area

A

visual cortex

66
Q

Primary visual cortex around ________________

A

calcimine fissure

67
Q

Secondary visual cortex is an ______________

A

integrative area

68
Q

we have a primary + secondary_______________ on either side of the brain

A

auditory cortex

69
Q

_____________ receptive speech area. Helps us understand our speech. Connected to primary and secondary cortexes. Leftside of the brain

A

wernicke’s area

70
Q

______________________ expressive speech area, left side of brain, located near prefrontal cortex, helps us pre-plan our speech

A

Broca’s area

71
Q

_____________ cortiospinal tract, cell bodies in lamina V, the arrows show the snaps pathway

A

Projection axons

72
Q

_________________ axons that cross in the corpus callosum, corticocorrtical projections cell bodies mainly in lamina II

A

commissural axons

73
Q

_________________ are directed toward ventral midline of CNS to opposite side of a lobe

A

commissural axons

74
Q

___________________ corticocortical projections, cell bodies mainly in lamina III, corpus callosum. The pathway is short from one area to another, but there are also some long association axons

A

association axons

Physci 107 (22 decks)

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