Lecture 17

Question 1

Limb Development

Mesodermal Origins –___________________

Answer 1

lateral plate and somites

Question 2

_____________- determine limb differentiation and anterior and posterior sides

Answer 2

how genes

Question 3

________________ are cells that determine the identity of limb and neither it continues growing. Deetermines proximal and distal growth

Answer 3

apical ectodermal ridges

Question 4

________________ cells that determine medial and lateral growth

Answer 4

Zone of Polarizing activity cells (ZPA)

Question 5

____________ is a type on multiple digits on the thumb side

Answer 5

preaxial

extra thumb

Question 6

____________ is a type on multiple digits on the pink side

Answer 6

postaxial

extra pinky

Question 7

_____________ is when there is an extra middle (2-4 fin finger

Answer 7

midray polydactyl

Question 8

______________ was the first upright ancestor of humans

Answer 8

australopithecines

Question 9

_______________ evolution of different characteristics with a lineage.

Answer 9

mosaic evolution

Question 10

How back and pelvis changes for upright walking

Answer 10

apes: longer back and pelvis
humans: shorter back and pelvis

Question 11

How does the head change to adapt for upright walking

Answer 11

held vertical. Foramen magnum relocated

Question 12

How are the shoulders different in apes

Answer 12

moe powerful and longer limbs

Question 13

How are the limbs different in humans for walking

Answer 13

longer and more slender femur

Question 14

How are feet different in humans for walking

Answer 14

have flat surface

Question 15

Only humans have a _______

Answer 15

Q angle used for walking

Question 16

Aps have a ________________ and _________

Answer 16

posible toe and more curved digits

Question 17

humans have ____________

Answer 17

lordosis

Question 18

________________ through hip and knee joint and anterior to ankle joint. OCillates where walking

Answer 18

center of mass

Question 19

Almost ____________________ is need to stand

Answer 19

no force

Question 20

Humans are born through a ____________

Answer 20

small birth can and thus must have small heads

Question 21

__________ take a long time for brain to develop. Characteristsic of humans

Answer 21

altricial

Question 22

Implications of a small pelvic hole

Answer 22

painful childbirth

Question 23

what are examples of sexual dimorphism as a result of childbirth

Answer 23

• pelvis

- vertebrae

Question 24

_______________ – using anatomy to infer phylogenetic and functional
relationships

Answer 24

Comparative Anatomy

Question 25

homology (phylogenetic relationship) vs. analogy (functional relationship) functional morphology –

Answer 25

how form relates to function

Question 26

_________________ – how function (and therefore form) is

Answer 26

ecomorphology

Question 27

______________ – combining functional morphology with physics to determine
efficiency

Answer 27

related to ecology biomechanics

Question 28

Line of Action – direction of pull of a muscle
Fo – output force – usually something working against gravity Lo – output lever arm – from axis of rotation to Fo
Fi – input force – from the muscle
Li – input lever arm – from axis of rotation to line of action

Answer 28

FoLo = FiLi - equilibrium

Question 29

Increasing Power –

Answer 29

maximizing out-force

Question 30

Increasing Speed –

Answer 30

opposite of power