Lecture 15 Flashcards
_____________ is the most abundant and diverse tissue in the body
connective tissue
What is connective tissue derived from
embryonic mesenchyme
What are the functions of connective tissue
- binds cells into organs
- suppors/ stabilizes/ protects
- links bones to muscles
- transmits muscle forces
- transport of nutrients
What are the three classes of connective tissue
- proper
- fluid
- supporting
What are the three components of connective tissue
- Specialized cells
- protein fibers
- ground substance
______________ lay down extra cellular matrix. Immune cells
specialized cells
What are the three types of protein fibers
- collagen fibers
- elastin fibers
- reticular fibers
What is the ground substance
fill excess space
What is the purpose of collagen
strength and retention
What is the purpose of elastin
strength and recoil
What is the purpose of reticular fibers
support net
What are the three types of loose connect tissues
- areolar tissue
- adipose tissue
- reticular tissue
What is areolar tissue characterized
interstitial fluid (ground substance)
What is adipose tissue
fat tissue used for energy located under the skin and around organs
________________ fat cells
adipose
What is reticular tissue characterized
- reticular fibers
- located in organs
What are the four kinds of dense connective tissue
- irregular
- regular
- elastic
- cartilage
Where is irregular connect tissue
joint capsules, dermis
Where is regular connective tissue
tendons and ligaments
Where is elastic Connectix tissue
arteries and bronchi, some ligaments where recoil is important
** marked by elastic fibers
______________ a connective tissue with chondrocytes
cartilage
Cartilage is
avascular and anervous
What are cartilage cells
chondrocytes in lacunae
______________ characterized by glassy collagen fivers.
hyaline cartilage
Where are hyaline cartilage
fetal cartilage, ends of long bones, costal cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea
Where is elastic cartilage
external ear
epiglottis
*characterized by elastic fibers
Where is the fibrocartilage
in joints and places of high impact
-Interverteabral discs, pubic symphysis, knee discs
What is fibrocartilage characterized by
thick collagen fibers
What are the functions of bone
- support/movement/ protection
- mineral storage
- blood formation/ fat storage
What is the name of a bone structure
lamellar structure (layered)
What are the two kinds of bone
- compact
- spongy bone
Name of the compact bone
cortical bone
Name of spongy bone
cancellous bone (trabeculae)
What are the 2 bone coverings/ membranes
- periosteum- exterior
- endosteum- interior
___________ is the growth unit of the bone
osteon
What is the structure of the osteon
Lamellae
-Contain collagen fibers
_____________ old bone that has Beene grown over or remodeled
interstitial lamellae
________ covering for osteocytes, holds in lamellae
lacunae
_____________ center of the lamellae for nerves and blood vessels
Haversian (central canal)
______________ is the connection between the lacunae and the central canal
canaliculi
___________ mature bone cells, that maintain bone matrix. Live in lacunae
osteocytes
____________ immature bone cells that secrete organic component of matrix to build up bone. lives under periosteum
osteoblast
____________ multinucleate cell that secretes acid to dissolve matrix of bone. Lives under enostium
osteoclast
What are the 2 types of bone development
- endochondral
- Intrameembranous
_____________
limbs, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, base of skull (chondrocranium – parts of occipitals, temporals, sphenoid, and all ethmoid, ossicles, conchae, lacrimals, zygomatics)
ENDOCHONDRAL developement
___________________
skull (frontal, parietals, nasals, maxillae, vomer, palatines, mandible, portions of sphenoid, temporals, occipital) & clavicle
INTRAMEMBRANOUS (dermal)
What are the steps of endochondrial ossification
- osteoblast form a bony collar
- central calcification: deterioration of cartilage in shaft. Remaining cartilage replace by bone
- Primary ossification center formed: vessels permeate bone tissue, primary ossification formed
- secondary ossification formed in epithesis
____________ growth of both cartilage and bone
growth at epiphyseal plate
- cartilage continues to grow on epiphyseal side
- osteoblast replace cartilage with bone on diaphysial side
____________ growth in girth
apposition
What is the function of bone remodeling
- maintains calcium and potassium
- Wolfs law: response to stress
_____________ increase blood calcium by breaking down bond
parathyroid hormone
____________________ thyroid brings blood CA down by building bon e
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin form a
feedback loop
What are the forces acting on the bone
- compression
- tension
- shear
- bending (combination of compression and extension)
What are the two types of material that make up composite extracellular matrix
- organic: collagen
- Inorganic: hydroxypatite
What is collagen characterized by
strong in tension
What is the inorganic hydroxyapatite characterized
ground substance, strong compression
What are the 3 bone structures involved for adequate strength
- hollowness of bones
- cross sectional geometry
- arrangement of trabeculae
_____________ zero force in the middle of the bone reduces the majority of bone stress from blending is on the outside of the bone
hollowness of the bone
__________off round shape resists forces in a particular direction
cross sectional geometry
______________________ direct force to a strong area of the bone
arrangement of trabeculae
