Lecture 4 Flashcards
____________ the tight junctions
the blood brain barrier
Spaces between endothelial cells have __________ in the brain. Least permeable capillaries in the body. Molecules are selectively transported to the brain
tight junctions
______________ end feet have water channels and control water balance in the brain
astrocytic
____________ ascents through the skull and breaks into cerebral cortex
internal carotid artery
___________ supplies frontal context on lateral cortex and mid sagittal cortex
anterior cerebral artery
________________ large and supplies blood to the majority of the lateral surface of brain ex- frontal, parietal lobe
middle cerebral artery
______________ arteries that comnform to the basilar arteries
vertebral/basilary arteries
______________ supplies oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe part of the lower brain
posterior cerebral artery
__________________ is composed of middler cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery
Strokes need immediate emergency care to lesson the long term disability, such as __________
hemiplegia
_______________ tissue plasminogen activator
clot blusters
_______________ consists of caudate, putamen, globes pallidus. The caudate and putamen together are called stratum or corpus striatum and contain the same types of neurons
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia function to integrate _______________ information and to initiate voluntary movement. It all processes information about __________________
motor and sensory
cognition and emotions
afferent axon that projects from all parts of cerebral cortex
cortiocostriate
afferent axon that projects from the thalamus
thalamostraite
afferent axon that projects from substantial nigra
nigrostraite
____________ is a degenerative disease of the basal ganglia that produces movement disorders. Involves a loss of cell bodies in substantia nigra that project axons to the caudate putamen and use dopamine for neurotransmission. Treatment for Parkinson’s patients is to give them L-dopa which crosses the blood brain barrier and is converted to dopamine by dopa
Parkinsons disease
______________________ neurons in motor and somatospendory areas of the cerebral cortex project to putamen, neurons in putamen project globes pallid us, internal, neurons in GPi project to ventral lateral thalamus, neurons in VL thalamus project back to motor areas of the cortex to facilitate cortical output
basal ganglia thought to modify motor commands by this circuit
___________________is a rare autosomal dominates genetic disease causing degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate-putamen and produces severe motor disorders. Currently there are no treatments but researchers have located a gene so effective genetic screen and counseling is available
huningtons disease
____________ found in the base of the brain and project axons widely to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
cholinergic basal
_________________ play a critical role in learning and memory and in the sleep wake cycle
basal forebrain neurons
_____________________ is a common progressive disease that involves extensive neuronal degeneration of basal forebrain neurons and neurons in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus
alzheimers disease
Early symptoms are memory loss of recent events and becoming disoriented. Later severe dementia becomes more obvious __________________ are found in brains of those afflicted with Alzheimers disease
amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles
__________ a sensory relay nucleus
thalamus
the thalamus is a _____________________ being transmitted to the cerebral cortex
relay for sensory information
_____________ transmits somatosensory information form the body to the thalamus. Thalamic neurons will then convey the signal to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex. Somatosensory cortex. WE will draw the spinothalamic tract in the next lecture
spinothalamic tract
____________ is an important relay station for all sensory input, except olfaction
thalamus
Ventral posterior lateral ____________________
somatosensory relay
lateral geniculate _________________
visual relay
Medial geniculate ______________
audity relay
thalamus receives motor information for relay to ________________
cerebral cortex
Ventral lateral nucleus functions as part of the basal ganglia circuit:
ventral lateral nucleus: ______________
motor relay
3 important facts about hypothalamus
- contains a large number of nuclei
- pituitary gland contact to inferior surface of hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus controls many aspects of homeostasis
the hypothalamus controls the ____________________, one part of the hypothalamus will cause a decrease in heart rate whereas another region will increase heart rate
autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus secretes ______________________________ that controls the pituitary gland. Releasing factors enter a capillary plexus in the hypothalamus and travel directly to the anterior pituitary via portal vein
hormones Or releasing factors
_____________ slander tissue that releases hormones into the blood stream in resopnse to hypothalamic releasing factors
anterior pituitary
________________ neural tissue. Neurons in hypothalamus project axons into the posterior pituitary and release their hormone/ peptides (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone/ vasopressin) in the blood stream of the posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
