Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the two divisions in the nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
What connects the PNS to the CNS
local spine reflex
What types of local spine reflexes
afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons
____________ have axons that carry information toward the CNS
afferent neurons
_______________ haave axons that carry information away from the CNS
efferent neurons
Nerve cell that lies between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in a reflex arc; (2) any nerve cell that is confined entirely within the central nervous system.
interneurons
General Characteristics of neurons:
- excitable cells
- do not divide after birth, but some neurogenesis from adult stem cells
- normally neurons live a long life
- high metabolic rate- requires a large amount of glucose and oxygen
- have 2 types of processes
What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial Nervous and spinal nerves
What are the two divisions of the PNS
Sensory afferent division
motor efferent division
What are the two kinds of sensory nerves
- somatic sensory
- visceral sensory
What are the somatic sensory neurons of the PNS
general: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp, proprioception in skin and body wall
special: vision, smell hearing, equilibrium
what are the visceral sensory neurons of the PNS
general: stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and nausea and hunger
Special: taste
what are the somatic motor sensory neurons of the PNS
general: motor and use of skeletal muscles
what are the visceral motor neurons of the PNS
interventions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands, equal to autonomic nervous system
____________ receive information from other neurons and branch off from cell body
dendrites
___________ form the basis for neuron signaling
ion channeling
___________ is the site of action potential generation
axon hillock
The plasma membrane is charged:
- inside the neuron is negative
- outside the neuron is positive
________ are side branches extending from the axon
axon collateral
________ where the neurons connect to the next neurons
axon terminals
__________ covers the axon
myelin sheath
____________ forms the myelin sheath
Schwann cells
what is contained in the cell body of a neuron
-plasma membrane
-nucleus and nucleolus
-Nissi bodies/ RER
-Golgi apparatus
neurofiliments
function of dendrites
are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.
_____________ is is a small membranous protrusion on a neuron that receives input from a synapse of another neuron. They make or make not reside on the dendrite
dendrite spine
the number of dendrites on a neuron ____________
varies in both number branching and spines
_________________ are used to transport protein in transport vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals
axon neurotubials
_____________ when proteins travel from cell body to bouton
anterograde
__________________ many mitochondria for energy. is a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles
presynaptic bouton
____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the cell body to the presynaptic bouton
anterograde axonal transport
____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the presynaptic bouton to the cell body
retrograde axonal transport
information flows _________________ on an axon
in one direction
information comes from other neurons and flows into ________________ or _______________
excitatory synapses
inhibitory synapses
________________- are synapses that inhibit a motor response
inhibitory synapses
________________ are synapses that induce a motor or neurological response
excitatory synapses
_______________ occur between an axon terminal and a postsynaptic neuron
synapses
What are the 3 parts of a presynaptic bouton or axon terminal
- presynaptic side
- synaptic cleft
- post synaptic side
__________ is most commonly a cell body, dendrite
postsynaptic side
Input is received from ___________ of other neurons onto the receiving of a neuron
synapses
If the local stimulation is large enough a ___________ will be generated at the _______________ and transmitted down the _____________
action potential
axon hillock
synaptic terminals
if the synapse contains ______________ the target neuron is depolarized and stimulated to fire
depolarized
if the synapse contains ______________ the target is hyper polarized or inhibited from firing
hyper polarized
Neuromuscular junctions use _______________ as an excitatory neurotransmitter
acetylcholine r
_________________ is on the axon terminal and it speeds up the transfer of information across the axon and induced rapid fire
node of ranviar
___________ are supporting cells to the neuron
glell cells
how are glia different from neurons
- can divide throughout life
- have only one type of process rather than two
- each type of glia has specific functions that support neurons
- smaller size
- special glei to CNS ANd PNS
what are the 4 glia in CNS
- astrocytes
- olgodendroglia
- microglia
- ependymal cells
______________ associated with capillaries in the brain
astrocytes
_____________ have water and electrolyte channels
astrocytes
astrocytes are associated with the release of __________ and the contribute to the ____________ which protects the CNS when damaged
growth hormones
glei scar
_____________ make myelin
olgodendroglia
_____________ are glia and are the only immune cells in the cns are phagocytes
microglia
______________ are not glia but supporting cells
ependymal cells
_______________- line the entire ventricular opening side of the brain and lays between the spinal fluid and the brain tissue
ependymal cells
What are the supporting cells of the PNS
- schwann cells
- node of ravier
________________ are glia made of myelin by wrapping their membrane tightly around an axon
schwan cells
_______________ are found found in both the PNS and CNS are fascilitate the speed of action potentials
nodes of ranvier
nerves are covered with __________
connective tissue
____________ is the name for a bundle of axons
fascicle
__________________is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.
Golgi stain
_____________ a classic nucleic acid staining method traditionally used on nervous tissue sections. The active dye in the staining solution can vary, but toluidine blue or cresyl violet are common components. basic stains that are attracted to acidic components of neurons
nissl stain
________________ labels nuclear membrane and nucleolus. Differentiates grey and white matter
nucleus
__________________ labels plasma membrane and accusations of RER and nissl bodies
cytoplasm
break down the word immunochemistry
immuno: the study of the immune system or the antibody/antigen complex
cytoplasms: studying cells
chemistry= studying a reaction
_____________ is an anatomical technique used to characterize the presence of specifically chemicals in cells.
immunocytochemistry
There is a large body of evidence that supports the assumptions that presence of a rate _________________ indicates that the appropriate neurotransmitter is being made in the cell
limiting synthesis enzyme
What is the basic strategy of immunocytochemistry
to localize large transmitter synthesizing enzymes rather than the small transmitter molecules. In the nervous system there are many different chemical substances known to be neurotransmitters or neuromodulators
_______________ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter at both the CNS synapses and at the neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine
What is the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
choline acetyltransferase
What is the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
acetyl cholinesterase
__________________ is an amino acid and a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system
aminobutyric acid (GABA)
__________________ is the limiting synthesizing enzyme used to identify GAD positive by the neurotransmitter GABA
glutamic acid decarboxylase
________________ are synthesized in a common 5 step metabolic pathway from amino acids tyrosine
catecholamines
examples of catecholamines studeied in class
dopamine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine
neurons that use dopamine will contain a high level of the rate limiting synthesizing enzyme ________________________ and are called ______________
DOPA decarboxylase
dopaminergic neurons
neurons that use adrenaline, the last catecholamine to be generated will contain high levels of_________________ and _________________
the limiting synthesizing enzyme
low levels of the preceding enzyme
