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Physci 107 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions in the nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What connects the PNS to the CNS

A

local spine reflex

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3
Q

What types of local spine reflexes

A

afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons

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4
Q

____________ have axons that carry information toward the CNS

A

afferent neurons

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5
Q

_______________ haave axons that carry information away from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

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6
Q

Nerve cell that lies between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in a reflex arc; (2) any nerve cell that is confined entirely within the central nervous system.

A

interneurons

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7
Q

General Characteristics of neurons:

A
  1. excitable cells
  2. do not divide after birth, but some neurogenesis from adult stem cells
  3. normally neurons live a long life
  4. high metabolic rate- requires a large amount of glucose and oxygen
  5. have 2 types of processes
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8
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Cranial Nervous and spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory afferent division

motor efferent division

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11
Q

What are the two kinds of sensory nerves

A
  • somatic sensory

- visceral sensory

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12
Q

What are the somatic sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp, proprioception in skin and body wall
special: vision, smell hearing, equilibrium

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13
Q

what are the visceral sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and nausea and hunger
Special: taste

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14
Q

what are the somatic motor sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: motor and use of skeletal muscles

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15
Q

what are the visceral motor neurons of the PNS

A

interventions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands, equal to autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

____________ receive information from other neurons and branch off from cell body

A

dendrites

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17
Q

___________ form the basis for neuron signaling

A

ion channeling

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18
Q

___________ is the site of action potential generation

A

axon hillock

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19
Q

The plasma membrane is charged:

A
  • inside the neuron is negative

- outside the neuron is positive

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20
Q

________ are side branches extending from the axon

A

axon collateral

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21
Q

________ where the neurons connect to the next neurons

A

axon terminals

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22
Q

__________ covers the axon

A

myelin sheath

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23
Q

____________ forms the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

what is contained in the cell body of a neuron

A

-plasma membrane
-nucleus and nucleolus
-Nissi bodies/ RER
-Golgi apparatus
neurofiliments

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25
Q

function of dendrites

A

are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.

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26
Q

_____________ is is a small membranous protrusion on a neuron that receives input from a synapse of another neuron. They make or make not reside on the dendrite

A

dendrite spine

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27
Q

the number of dendrites on a neuron ____________

A

varies in both number branching and spines

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28
Q

_________________ are used to transport protein in transport vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals

A

axon neurotubials

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29
Q

_____________ when proteins travel from cell body to bouton

A

anterograde

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30
Q

__________________ many mitochondria for energy. is a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles

A

presynaptic bouton

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31
Q

____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the cell body to the presynaptic bouton

A

anterograde axonal transport

32
Q

____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the presynaptic bouton to the cell body

A

retrograde axonal transport

33
Q

information flows _________________ on an axon

A

in one direction

34
Q

information comes from other neurons and flows into ________________ or _______________

A

excitatory synapses

inhibitory synapses

35
Q

________________- are synapses that inhibit a motor response

A

inhibitory synapses

36
Q

________________ are synapses that induce a motor or neurological response

A

excitatory synapses

37
Q

_______________ occur between an axon terminal and a postsynaptic neuron

A

synapses

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of a presynaptic bouton or axon terminal

A
  • presynaptic side
  • synaptic cleft
  • post synaptic side
39
Q

__________ is most commonly a cell body, dendrite

A

postsynaptic side

40
Q

Input is received from ___________ of other neurons onto the receiving of a neuron

A

synapses

41
Q

If the local stimulation is large enough a ___________ will be generated at the _______________ and transmitted down the _____________

A

action potential
axon hillock
synaptic terminals

42
Q

if the synapse contains ______________ the target neuron is depolarized and stimulated to fire

A

depolarized

43
Q

if the synapse contains ______________ the target is hyper polarized or inhibited from firing

A

hyper polarized

44
Q

Neuromuscular junctions use _______________ as an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine r

45
Q

_________________ is on the axon terminal and it speeds up the transfer of information across the axon and induced rapid fire

A

node of ranviar

46
Q

___________ are supporting cells to the neuron

A

glell cells

47
Q

how are glia different from neurons

A
  1. can divide throughout life
  2. have only one type of process rather than two
  3. each type of glia has specific functions that support neurons
  4. smaller size
  5. special glei to CNS ANd PNS
48
Q

what are the 4 glia in CNS

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. olgodendroglia
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
49
Q

______________ associated with capillaries in the brain

A

astrocytes

50
Q

_____________ have water and electrolyte channels

A

astrocytes

51
Q

astrocytes are associated with the release of __________ and the contribute to the ____________ which protects the CNS when damaged

A

growth hormones

glei scar

52
Q

_____________ make myelin

A

olgodendroglia

53
Q

_____________ are glia and are the only immune cells in the cns are phagocytes

A

microglia

54
Q

______________ are not glia but supporting cells

A

ependymal cells

55
Q

_______________- line the entire ventricular opening side of the brain and lays between the spinal fluid and the brain tissue

A

ependymal cells

56
Q

What are the supporting cells of the PNS

A
  • schwann cells

- node of ravier

57
Q

________________ are glia made of myelin by wrapping their membrane tightly around an axon

A

schwan cells

58
Q

_______________ are found found in both the PNS and CNS are fascilitate the speed of action potentials

A

nodes of ranvier

59
Q

nerves are covered with __________

A

connective tissue

60
Q

____________ is the name for a bundle of axons

A

fascicle

61
Q

__________________is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.

A

Golgi stain

62
Q

_____________ a classic nucleic acid staining method traditionally used on nervous tissue sections. The active dye in the staining solution can vary, but toluidine blue or cresyl violet are common components. basic stains that are attracted to acidic components of neurons

A

nissl stain

63
Q

________________ labels nuclear membrane and nucleolus. Differentiates grey and white matter

A

nucleus

64
Q

__________________ labels plasma membrane and accusations of RER and nissl bodies

A

cytoplasm

65
Q

break down the word immunochemistry

A

immuno: the study of the immune system or the antibody/antigen complex
cytoplasms: studying cells
chemistry= studying a reaction

66
Q

_____________ is an anatomical technique used to characterize the presence of specifically chemicals in cells.

A

immunocytochemistry

67
Q

There is a large body of evidence that supports the assumptions that presence of a rate _________________ indicates that the appropriate neurotransmitter is being made in the cell

A

limiting synthesis enzyme

68
Q

What is the basic strategy of immunocytochemistry

A

to localize large transmitter synthesizing enzymes rather than the small transmitter molecules. In the nervous system there are many different chemical substances known to be neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

69
Q

_______________ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter at both the CNS synapses and at the neuromuscular junction.

A

acetylcholine

70
Q

What is the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase

71
Q

What is the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

A

acetyl cholinesterase

72
Q

__________________ is an amino acid and a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system

A

aminobutyric acid (GABA)

73
Q

__________________ is the limiting synthesizing enzyme used to identify GAD positive by the neurotransmitter GABA

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase

74
Q

________________ are synthesized in a common 5 step metabolic pathway from amino acids tyrosine

A

catecholamines

75
Q

examples of catecholamines studeied in class

A

dopamine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine

76
Q

neurons that use dopamine will contain a high level of the rate limiting synthesizing enzyme ________________________ and are called ______________

A

DOPA decarboxylase

dopaminergic neurons

77
Q

neurons that use adrenaline, the last catecholamine to be generated will contain high levels of_________________ and _________________

A

the limiting synthesizing enzyme

low levels of the preceding enzyme

Physci 107 (22 decks)

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